history of theatre i unit 10 study guides

Historical Context

• Elizabethan era (1558-1603) marked a period of great cultural and artistic growth in England under the reign of Queen Elizabeth I
• Renaissance ideals and humanism spread from continental Europe, influencing English art, literature, and theatre
• Rise of the middle class and increased literacy rates led to a growing demand for entertainment and cultural activities
• Closure of Catholic churches during the Protestant Reformation made spaces available for theatrical performances
• Political stability and economic prosperity allowed for the flourishing of the arts, including theatre
• Patronage system emerged, with wealthy individuals and the royal court supporting theatre companies and playwrights
• English victory over the Spanish Armada (1588) boosted national pride and confidence, reflected in the patriotic themes of many plays

Key Figures and Playwrights

• William Shakespeare (1564-1616) is the most renowned playwright of the era, known for his masterful use of language, complex characters, and exploration of universal themes
  • Wrote 37 plays across various genres, including tragedies (Hamlet, Macbeth), comedies (A Midsummer Night's Dream, Twelfth Night), and histories (Henry IV, Richard III)
  • Shakespeare's works showcased his ability to capture the human experience and emotions, making his plays timeless and relatable
• Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593) was a contemporary of Shakespeare and a pioneering figure in blank verse and dramatic structure
  • Plays such as Doctor Faustus and The Jew of Malta explored themes of ambition, power, and morality
• Ben Jonson (1572-1637) was a prolific playwright, poet, and actor, known for his satirical comedies and masques
  • Plays like Volpone and The Alchemist critiqued societal vices and follies
• Thomas Kyd (1558-1594) is best known for his play The Spanish Tragedy, which popularized the revenge tragedy genre
• Other notable playwrights include Thomas Dekker, John Fletcher, and Francis Beaumont, who contributed to the diverse range of plays during the era

Theatre Architecture and Spaces

• Public playhouses emerged as purpose-built structures for theatrical performances, replacing inn yards and other makeshift venues
• The Theatre (1576), built by James Burbage, was the first permanent public playhouse in England
  • Circular or polygonal in shape, with an open-air central yard surrounded by three tiers of covered galleries
  • Stage extended into the yard, allowing for close interaction between actors and the audience
• The Globe (1599), associated with Shakespeare and the Lord Chamberlain's Men, became the most famous playhouse of the era
  • Similar in design to The Theatre, with a capacity of up to 3,000 spectators
  • Rebuilt in 1614 after a fire destroyed the original structure
• Other notable playhouses included the Rose, the Swan, and the Fortune
• Private indoor theatres, such as the Blackfriars, catered to a more elite audience and featured candlelit performances
• Stage design was minimal, with few props and reliance on dialogue and acting to convey settings and atmosphere
  • Use of trapdoors, balconies, and inner stage areas allowed for various levels and spaces for performance

Acting Troupes and Companies

• Professional acting companies emerged, replacing amateur and ad hoc groups
• Troupes were typically all-male, with young boys playing female roles due to the prohibition of women on stage
• Companies were often named after their aristocratic patrons or the venues they performed in
  • The Lord Chamberlain's Men (later the King's Men), associated with Shakespeare and the Globe, was one of the most successful companies
  • Other notable troupes included the Admiral's Men, the Queen's Men, and the Worcester's Men
• Actors were shareholders in the company, sharing profits and responsibilities
  • Leading actors, such as Richard Burbage and Edward Alleyn, became celebrities and earned substantial wealth
• Troupes traveled to provincial towns during periods of plague or when London theatres were closed, expanding their audience and fame
• Rivalry and competition between companies led to innovations in performance styles and plays to attract audiences

Performance Styles and Techniques

• Elizabethan acting emphasized the power of language and oratory, with a focus on clear diction and projection
• Gestures and movement were stylized and exaggerated to convey emotions and characters
  • Use of hand gestures, facial expressions, and body language to communicate meaning
  • Asides and soliloquies allowed actors to directly address the audience and reveal inner thoughts
• Actors were expected to be versatile and play multiple roles in a single production
  • Doubling of roles was common, with actors playing both male and female characters
• Improvisation and audience interaction were integral to performances, with actors responding to reactions and heckling
• Music and dance were often incorporated into plays, adding to the spectacle and entertainment value
  • Use of popular tunes and ballads to engage the audience and set the mood
• Elaborate costumes and makeup were used to signify characters' social status, profession, and personality
  • Symbolic colors and accessories conveyed meaning and helped the audience identify characters
• Special effects, such as blood, smoke, and sound effects, enhanced the dramatic impact of scenes
  • Use of fireworks, cannon fire, and other pyrotechnics in battle scenes and supernatural elements

Popular Plays and Genres

• Elizabethan theatre encompassed a wide range of genres, catering to diverse audience tastes
• Tragedies explored weighty themes of love, death, power, and the human condition
  • Shakespeare's tragedies (Hamlet, Othello, King Lear) are among the most famous examples
  • Revenge tragedies, such as Thomas Kyd's The Spanish Tragedy, were popular for their sensational plots and bloody climaxes
• Comedies offered light-hearted entertainment, often featuring mistaken identities, romantic entanglements, and witty wordplay
  • Shakespeare's comedies (As You Like It, Much Ado About Nothing) showcased his skill in creating memorable characters and humorous situations
  • City comedies, such as Ben Jonson's Bartholomew Fair, satirized urban life and social types
• History plays dramatized the lives of English monarchs and significant events, often serving as political propaganda
  • Shakespeare's history plays (Richard III, Henry IV) explored themes of power, loyalty, and the nature of kingship
  • Other playwrights, such as Christopher Marlowe (Edward II) and Thomas Heywood (If You Know Not Me, You Know Nobody), also contributed to the genre
• Romances, such as Shakespeare's The Tempest and Cymbeline, blended elements of comedy, tragedy, and the supernatural
• Masques, elaborate court entertainments featuring music, dance, and allegorical characters, were popular among the aristocracy
  • Ben Jonson and Inigo Jones collaborated on several masques for the court of James I

Societal Impact and Audience

• Elizabethan theatre had a significant impact on English society, reflecting and shaping cultural values and attitudes
• Plays served as a form of mass entertainment, attracting a diverse audience from all social classes
  • Groundlings, the poorest spectators, stood in the yard and paid a penny for admission
  • Wealthier patrons sat in the galleries or rented private boxes, displaying their status and fashion
• Theatre provided a shared experience and a sense of community, with audiences actively participating in performances
  • Cheering, booing, and throwing objects at the stage were common audience reactions
• Plays often commented on contemporary issues, such as politics, religion, and social norms
  • Subversive or controversial content could be disguised through allegory and metaphor to avoid censorship
• Theatre companies and playwrights had to navigate the changing political landscape and patronage system
  • Pleasing both the public and the court was crucial for success and survival
• Puritans opposed theatre as immoral and corrupting, leading to tensions and occasional closures of playhouses
  • Pamphlets and sermons denounced the theatre as a den of vice and idleness
• Theatre also had an economic impact, generating revenue for the companies, actors, and related industries (costumes, props, printing)
  • Successful plays and actors could achieve fame and financial success, elevating their social status

Legacy and Influence

• Elizabethan theatre left a lasting legacy on English literature, drama, and culture
• Shakespeare's works, in particular, have endured as a cornerstone of the Western literary canon
  • His plays continue to be performed, adapted, and studied worldwide, influencing generations of writers and artists
  • Shakespeare's language and phrases have entered the common vernacular, shaping the English language itself
• Elizabethan playwrights established conventions and techniques that shaped the development of modern drama
  • Use of blank verse, soliloquies, and complex characterization became hallmarks of English theatre
  • Exploration of universal themes and the human condition resonated with audiences across time and cultures
• The works of other Elizabethan playwrights, such as Marlowe, Jonson, and Kyd, also continue to be performed and studied
  • Their contributions to genres like tragedy, comedy, and satire influenced later dramatists and literary movements
• Elizabethan theatre's influence extended beyond England, with translations and adaptations spreading across Europe and the world
  • German, French, and Italian playwrights drew inspiration from Elizabethan works, incorporating their themes and techniques
• The legacy of Elizabethan theatre can be seen in the continued popularity and relevance of its plays and characters
  • Modern productions and adaptations reinterpret and reimagine Elizabethan works for new audiences and contexts
  • Film, television, and other media have brought Elizabethan plays to a wider audience, ensuring their enduring appeal
• Scholarly interest in Elizabethan theatre has deepened our understanding of the era's culture, society, and artistic achievements
  • Critical studies, historical research, and performance analysis continue to shed light on the period's significance and complexity