history of music unit 9 study guides

Key Concepts and Origins

• Minimalism emerged as a reaction against the complexity and perceived excesses of modernist music in the 1960s
• Influenced by non-Western musical traditions (Indian classical music, African rhythms) and visual art movements (minimalism in painting and sculpture)
• Emphasized simplicity, repetition, and gradual process as central compositional techniques
  • Reduced musical elements to their essential components
  • Focused on exploring the subtle variations within repeated patterns
• Sought to create immersive and meditative listening experiences through extended durations and static harmony
• Challenged traditional notions of musical form, development, and expressivity
• Embraced technology and electronic instruments as tools for creating new sonic possibilities
• Drew inspiration from the philosophies of Zen Buddhism and the concept of "less is more"

Pioneers of Minimalism

• La Monte Young, considered one of the earliest minimalist composers, explored sustained tones and extended durations in works like "Trio for Strings" (1958) and "The Well-Tuned Piano" (1964-present)
• Terry Riley introduced the concept of phasing and repetitive patterns in his seminal work "In C" (1964), which consists of 53 short musical phrases played in sequence by an ensemble
• Steve Reich further developed the technique of phasing in pieces like "Piano Phase" (1967) and "Clapping Music" (1972)
  • Phasing involves the gradual shifting of identical musical patterns played simultaneously, creating complex polyrhythms and textures
• Philip Glass employed additive process and repetitive structures in works such as "Music in Fifths" (1969) and his opera "Einstein on the Beach" (1976)
  • Additive process involves the gradual lengthening or shortening of musical phrases while maintaining a consistent pulse
• Meredith Monk explored extended vocal techniques and minimalist principles in her innovative works, including "Dolmen Music" (1979) and "Atlas" (1991)

Characteristics of Minimalist Music

• Repetition of short musical phrases or motifs as the primary compositional device
• Gradual process of change, where musical elements (rhythm, melody, harmony) slowly evolve over time
• Diatonic harmony and consonance, often based on simple triads and modal scales
• Steady pulse and rhythmic drive, frequently emphasized by the use of ostinato patterns
• Limited melodic material, often consisting of short, repeated fragments or scales
• Reduced dynamic range and subtle variations in timbre and texture
• Extended durations and static harmony, creating a sense of timelessness and immersion
• Emphasis on the physical and acoustic properties of sound, rather than emotional expression

Evolution and Expansion of Minimalism

• Minimalist composers began to incorporate more complex rhythmic structures and polyrhythms in their works (Steve Reich's "Drumming," 1971)
• Expanded instrumentation and orchestration, moving beyond the initial focus on small ensembles and electronic instruments
  • John Adams' "Harmonielehre" (1985) and "Short Ride in a Fast Machine" (1986) showcased minimalist techniques applied to large-scale orchestral works
• Integration of world music influences, such as Balinese gamelan (Reich's "Music for 18 Musicians," 1976) and African rhythms (Glass' "Orion," 2004)
• Exploration of minimalist principles in other genres, including opera (Glass' "Satyagraha," 1980), film scores (Glass' "Koyaanisqatsi," 1982), and ballet (Adams' "Fearful Symmetries," 1988)
• Emergence of "post-minimalism," a term describing works that expanded upon minimalist techniques while incorporating elements of other musical styles and genres

Post-Minimalism and Its Offshoots

• Post-minimalist composers sought to move beyond the strict processes and limitations of early minimalism
• Integration of more diverse musical influences, including rock, jazz, and world music
  • Michael Torke's "Adjustable Wrench" (1987) incorporated elements of jazz and pop music within a minimalist framework
• Increased emphasis on melodic and harmonic development, as well as a greater sense of musical narrative
• Exploration of complex rhythmic structures and meter changes (John Luther Adams' "The Mathematics of Resonant Bodies," 2002)
• Inclusion of improvisation and indeterminacy in minimalist-inspired works (Terry Riley's "Salome Dances for Peace," 1989)
• Emergence of "totalism," a style that combined minimalist techniques with elements of serialism and avant-garde music (Michael Gordon's "Trance," 1995)
• Development of "mystic minimalism," a spiritual and contemplative approach to minimalism (Arvo Pärt's "Spiegel im Spiegel," 1978)

Eclecticism in Contemporary Music

• Contemporary composers increasingly drew from a wide range of musical styles, genres, and cultural influences
• Incorporation of minimalist techniques alongside elements of other musical traditions (John Tavener's "The Protecting Veil," 1988, which combined minimalism with Orthodox chant)
• Fusion of minimalism with popular music genres, such as rock (Glenn Branca's "Symphony No. 1," 1981) and electronic dance music (The Orb's "Little Fluffy Clouds," 1990)
• Exploration of multimedia and interdisciplinary collaborations, integrating minimalist music with visual art, dance, and theater (Laurie Anderson's "United States," 1983)
• Blurring of boundaries between classical and non-classical music, as minimalist-inspired techniques permeated various genres
• Emergence of "crossover" artists who combined minimalist principles with elements of world music, jazz, and other styles (Anoushka Shankar's "Rise," 2005)

Influential Works and Composers

• Steve Reich's "Music for 18 Musicians" (1976), a seminal work that showcased the potential of minimalist techniques in a large-scale ensemble setting
• Philip Glass' "Einstein on the Beach" (1976), a groundbreaking opera that redefined the genre through its minimalist approach and unconventional structure
• John Adams' "Nixon in China" (1987), an opera that combined minimalist techniques with a historical narrative and a diverse musical palette
• Henryk Górecki's "Symphony No. 3" (1976), a deeply emotional work that exemplified the spiritual and contemplative aspects of minimalism
• Michael Nyman's "The Draughtsman's Contract" (1982), a film score that demonstrated the effective application of minimalist techniques to visual media
• Meredith Monk's "Dolmen Music" (1979), an innovative work that explored the possibilities of the human voice within a minimalist framework
• William Basinski's "The Disintegration Loops" (2002-2003), a series of ambient works that showcased the haunting beauty of gradual decay and transformation

Impact on Popular Culture and Other Art Forms

• Minimalist music's influence extended beyond the classical music world, permeating various aspects of popular culture
• Incorporation of minimalist techniques in film scores (Hans Zimmer's "Inception," 2010) and television soundtracks (Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross' "The Social Network," 2010)
• Adoption of minimalist aesthetics in electronic and experimental music genres (Brian Eno's "Music for Airports," 1978)
  • Ambient music, which emphasized atmosphere and texture over traditional musical structures, drew heavily from minimalist principles
• Minimalist music's influence on rock and pop artists (The Velvet Underground, David Bowie, Brian Eno, Talking Heads)
  • Krautrock, a German experimental rock genre, incorporated minimalist techniques and repetitive structures (Can, Neu!, Kraftwerk)
• Integration of minimalist principles in visual art, such as the works of Sol LeWitt and Donald Judd
• Minimalist music's impact on dance and choreography, with composers collaborating with choreographers to create immersive and meditative performances (Lucinda Childs' "Dance," 1979, with music by Philip Glass)
• Influence on the development of music software and digital tools, as the repetitive and process-oriented nature of minimalism lent itself well to computer-based composition and manipulation