gened 1025: happiness unit 4 study guides

Historical Context

• England in the 1700s and 1800s underwent significant political, social, and economic transformations
• The period was marked by the transition from an agrarian to an industrial society
• The British Empire expanded globally, establishing colonies in North America, the Caribbean, Africa, and Asia
• The American Revolution (1765-1783) led to the loss of the Thirteen Colonies and the formation of the United States
• The French Revolution (1789-1799) influenced political thought and sparked fears of similar uprisings in England
• The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815) involved England in a series of conflicts against France and its allies
• The Act of Union (1800) united Great Britain and Ireland, creating the United Kingdom

Social Structure and Class Dynamics

• English society was hierarchical and divided into distinct social classes
• The aristocracy and landed gentry held significant political power and social influence
• The middle class, consisting of professionals, merchants, and industrialists, grew in size and importance
  • The rising middle class challenged traditional social hierarchies and advocated for political reforms
• The working class, including factory workers and agricultural laborers, faced poor living and working conditions
  • The working class often lived in overcrowded and unsanitary urban areas (slums)
  • Child labor was common in factories and mines, with children as young as five working long hours
• Social mobility was limited, with birth and inheritance largely determining one's social status
• The concept of "gentility" and proper behavior was highly valued among the upper and middle classes

Industrial Revolution and Economic Changes

• The Industrial Revolution began in England in the late 18th century and transformed the economy
• The introduction of new technologies and production methods led to the mechanization of industries (textile manufacturing)
• The factory system replaced traditional cottage industries, leading to the growth of cities and urban centers
• The development of steam power and the invention of the steam engine revolutionized transportation and manufacturing
  • The steam engine improved efficiency in factories and enabled the expansion of railroads
• The growth of international trade and the British Empire provided new markets for manufactured goods
• The enclosure movement consolidated small landholdings into larger farms, displacing many rural workers
• The rise of capitalism and the free market economy led to the accumulation of wealth among the industrial and commercial classes

Philosophical Movements and Enlightenment

• The Age of Enlightenment, which began in the late 17th century, emphasized reason, individualism, and progress
• Philosophers such as John Locke and Thomas Hobbes influenced political thought and the concept of natural rights
  • Locke's ideas of individual liberty and the social contract challenged the divine right of kings
• The Scottish Enlightenment, led by figures like David Hume and Adam Smith, contributed to the development of modern economics and moral philosophy
• The idea of utilitarianism, proposed by Jeremy Bentham, argued that the goal of society should be to maximize overall happiness and well-being
• The Enlightenment values of rationality, tolerance, and progress shaped intellectual discourse and social attitudes
• The rise of secularism and the questioning of traditional religious authority marked a shift in philosophical thought

Literature and Arts

• The 18th century saw the emergence of the English novel as a distinct literary form
  • Notable novelists included Daniel Defoe (Robinson Crusoe), Samuel Richardson (Pamela), and Henry Fielding (Tom Jones)
• The Romantic movement in literature and arts emphasized emotion, imagination, and the beauty of nature
  • Poets such as William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and John Keats were prominent figures of the Romantic era
• The Gothic novel, characterized by elements of horror and mystery, gained popularity (Frankenstein by Mary Shelley)
• The works of Jane Austen, such as Pride and Prejudice, provided insights into the social norms and expectations of the time
• The visual arts, including painting and architecture, reflected the changing tastes and values of the period
  • The Neo-Classical style, inspired by ancient Greek and Roman art, was popular in the 18th century
  • The Victorian era saw the rise of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, which sought to revive the style and themes of medieval and early Renaissance art

Scientific Advancements

• The Scientific Revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries laid the foundation for modern science
• The Royal Society, established in 1660, promoted scientific inquiry and experimentation
• Isaac Newton's work on gravity, optics, and calculus revolutionized the understanding of the natural world
• The development of the microscope and the telescope expanded knowledge of the microscopic and astronomical realms
• The field of medicine advanced with the discovery of vaccination by Edward Jenner and the understanding of the circulation of blood by William Harvey
• The Industrial Revolution spurred technological innovations, such as the spinning jenny, the power loom, and the steam engine
• Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, published in On the Origin of Species (1859), challenged traditional religious beliefs and transformed the understanding of the natural world

Pursuit of Happiness in 18th-19th Century England

• The concept of happiness and well-being became a central concern during the Enlightenment
• Philosophers and thinkers debated the nature of happiness and how it could be achieved
  • Jeremy Bentham's utilitarianism argued that the goal of society should be to maximize overall happiness
  • John Stuart Mill's refined version of utilitarianism emphasized the quality of happiness over mere quantity
• The rise of individualism and the idea of personal fulfillment challenged traditional notions of duty and social roles
• The growth of consumer culture and the availability of leisure activities, such as reading and theater, contributed to the pursuit of happiness
• The Romantic movement celebrated the emotional and imaginative aspects of human experience, valuing individual expression and the beauty of nature
• The Victorian era saw a growing emphasis on moral and social reform as a means to improve the well-being of society
  • Philanthropic organizations and charitable institutions aimed to alleviate poverty and promote social welfare

Legacy and Impact on Modern Concepts of Well-being

• The philosophical and intellectual developments of the 18th and 19th centuries have had a lasting impact on modern understandings of happiness and well-being
• The Enlightenment ideas of individual rights, personal liberty, and the pursuit of happiness have become foundational principles in many modern societies
• The utilitarian focus on maximizing overall happiness has influenced approaches to public policy and social welfare
• The Romantic emphasis on emotion, imagination, and the importance of nature has shaped contemporary views of personal fulfillment and the value of creative expression
• The Victorian era's concern with moral and social reform has inspired modern movements for social justice and equality
• The scientific advancements of the period have laid the groundwork for ongoing research into the psychological, biological, and social factors that contribute to well-being
• The legacy of the Industrial Revolution and the rise of consumer culture have raised questions about the relationship between material prosperity and happiness
• The works of literature and art from the 18th and 19th centuries continue to provide insights into the human experience and the search for meaning and fulfillment