dance in american cultures unit 11 study guides

Origins and Historical Context

• Hip-hop culture emerged in the 1970s in the Bronx, New York City, primarily among African American and Latino youth
• Developed as a response to social, economic, and political marginalization faced by these communities
• Early hip-hop parties featured DJs playing breakbeats (instrumental sections of funk, soul, and disco records) while MCs hyped up the crowd
• Graffiti art and breakdancing became integral elements of hip-hop culture alongside DJing and MCing
• Hip-hop served as a creative outlet and a means of self-expression for youth in underprivileged neighborhoods
• The first recognized hip-hop party was hosted by DJ Kool Herc on August 11, 1973, at 1520 Sedgwick Avenue in the Bronx
• Hip-hop culture quickly spread beyond the Bronx to other boroughs of New York City and eventually worldwide

Key Figures and Pioneers

• DJ Kool Herc is credited with laying the foundation for hip-hop music by introducing the breakbeat technique
  • He extended the instrumental breaks in records using two turntables, allowing dancers more time to showcase their moves
• Grandmaster Flash innovated DJing techniques such as cutting, back spinning, and phasing
  • He formed Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, one of the earliest and most influential hip-hop groups
• Afrika Bambaataa, founder of the Universal Zulu Nation, played a crucial role in shaping the cultural elements of hip-hop
  • He organized block parties and promoted peace, unity, and social activism through hip-hop
• Clive "Kool DJ Herc" Campbell, a Jamaican-American DJ, is often referred to as the "Father of Hip-Hop"
• Early b-boys and b-girls like Crazy Legs, Lil' Cesar, and Roxanne Shante popularized breakdancing and helped establish its foundational moves
• Fab Five Freddy, a graffiti artist and filmmaker, helped bridge the gap between hip-hop culture and the mainstream media

Elements of Hip-Hop Culture

• DJing: The art of playing and manipulating recorded music using turntables and a mixer
  • DJs create unique compositions by blending, scratching, and looping different tracks
• MCing or rapping: The delivery of rhythmic and rhyming lyrics over a beat
  • MCs often use wordplay, storytelling, and freestyle techniques to engage the audience
• B-boying or breakdancing: A dynamic dance style characterized by intricate footwork, freezes, and power moves
  • Breakdancing is often performed in battles or cyphers, where dancers compete and showcase their skills
• Graffiti art: A form of visual art involving the creation of elaborate, stylized lettering and designs on walls and surfaces in public spaces
  • Graffiti artists use spray paint and markers to create large-scale murals and tags
• Knowledge: The fifth element added by Afrika Bambaataa, emphasizing the importance of self-awareness, social consciousness, and community upliftment within hip-hop culture

Evolution of Hip-Hop Dance Styles

• Breaking or b-boying/b-girling: The original dance style of hip-hop, characterized by top rocks, footwork, freezes, and power moves
• Locking: A funk-based dance style that emerged in the late 1960s, incorporating precise, exaggerated, and often comical movements
  • Locking heavily influenced the development of early hip-hop dance
• Popping: A dance style that originated in the 1970s, featuring isolated body movements, contractions, and robotic techniques
  • Popping includes various substyles such as tutting, waving, and animation
• Uprock: A competitive dance style that simulates a mock battle between two dancers, incorporating steps, gestures, and mimicry
• House dance: A club-based dance style that developed alongside house music in the 1980s, characterized by fluid, rhythmic movements and improvisation
• New jack swing: A dance style that emerged in the late 1980s and early 1990s, blending elements of hip-hop, R&B, and pop music
  • New jack swing incorporates smooth, synchronized choreography and often tells a story through movement
• Krumping: An energetic, expressive dance style that originated in South Central Los Angeles in the early 2000s
  • Krumping features exaggerated, freestyle movements and serves as an emotional release for dancers

Music and Its Influence on Movement

• Hip-hop music provides the foundation and inspiration for hip-hop dance styles
• The rhythms, beats, and lyrics of hip-hop tracks dictate the energy, tempo, and mood of the accompanying dance
• DJs create the musical backdrop for dancers by selecting, mixing, and manipulating records
  • The DJ's choice of tracks and use of techniques like scratching and looping directly influence the dancers' movements
• MCs or rappers often use call-and-response techniques to engage the crowd and encourage participation
  • Dancers respond to the MC's cues and lyrics through their movements and interactions with the audience
• The evolution of hip-hop music, from early breakbeats to modern subgenres, has led to the development of diverse dance styles
• Collaborations between hip-hop artists and dancers have produced iconic music videos and live performances that showcase the synergy between music and movement

Social and Cultural Impact

• Hip-hop culture has become a global phenomenon, transcending racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic boundaries
• Hip-hop dance provides a platform for self-expression, creativity, and cultural identity
  • Dancers use their movements to tell stories, convey emotions, and address social issues
• Dance battles and competitions serve as a means of settling disputes and establishing hierarchy within the hip-hop community
  • These events foster a sense of camaraderie, respect, and healthy competition among dancers
• Hip-hop dance has been used as a tool for social activism and raising awareness about important issues
  • Dance crews and individual performers have addressed topics such as racism, poverty, and violence through their art
• The popularity of hip-hop dance has led to its incorporation into mainstream media, including movies, television shows, and commercials
  • This exposure has helped to legitimize hip-hop as an art form and has provided opportunities for dancers to pursue professional careers
• Hip-hop dance education programs and workshops have been established to preserve the culture and pass on knowledge to younger generations
  • These initiatives help to ensure the continuity and evolution of hip-hop dance traditions

Techniques and Fundamentals

• Toprock: The upright, standing part of a b-boy or b-girl's performance, often used as an intro or transition between moves
  • Toprock includes steps, shuffles, and stylized walks that showcase the dancer's personality and style
• Downrock or footwork: The low-to-the-ground, intricate steps performed by breakers
  • Footwork involves rapid, rhythmic movements of the legs and feet while supporting the body with the hands
• Power moves: Dynamic, acrobatic moves that require strength, momentum, and control
  • Examples include windmills, flares, and head spins
• Freezes: Poses or stances that are held momentarily, often in a gravity-defying or contorted position
  • Freezes are used to punctuate a performance and demonstrate a dancer's balance and flexibility
• Musicality: The ability to connect and respond to the rhythms, beats, and lyrics of the music
  • Dancers must develop a keen sense of timing and phrasing to effectively express themselves through movement
• Originality: The development of a unique style and approach to hip-hop dance
  • Dancers are encouraged to innovate, experiment, and add their own flavor to traditional moves and techniques
• Freestyle: The art of improvising and creating moves on the spot, in response to the music and energy of the moment
  • Freestyling requires a deep understanding of the fundamentals and the ability to think and react quickly

Contemporary Hip-Hop and Future Trends

• Hip-hop dance continues to evolve and incorporate elements from other dance styles and cultural influences
• Street dance styles like krumping, jerkin', and flexing have gained popularity and added new dimensions to the hip-hop dance landscape
• Hip-hop dance has become increasingly commercialized, with dancers finding opportunities in the entertainment industry, advertising, and corporate events
  • This commercialization has led to debates about the authenticity and preservation of hip-hop culture
• The rise of social media and digital platforms has transformed the way hip-hop dance is shared, learned, and celebrated
  • Dancers can now connect with global audiences, participate in online challenges, and learn from tutorials and videos
• Hip-hop dance education is becoming more formalized, with the establishment of dedicated schools, programs, and curricula
  • This institutionalization aims to provide structured training and career pathways for aspiring dancers
• Fusion styles that blend hip-hop with other genres like contemporary, ballet, and jazz are becoming more prevalent
  • These hybrid forms showcase the versatility and adaptability of hip-hop dance
• The hip-hop dance community is increasingly addressing issues of diversity, inclusion, and representation
  • Efforts are being made to create more opportunities for underrepresented groups and to challenge stereotypes and biases within the industry
• As hip-hop culture continues to evolve and spread globally, it is likely that new dance styles, trends, and innovations will emerge, shaping the future of hip-hop dance.