Art History I – Prehistory to Middle Ages

🎨Art History I – Prehistory to Middle Ages Unit 7 – Ancient Near Eastern Art: Assyria to Persia

Ancient Near Eastern art spans civilizations in Mesopotamia, Anatolia, the Levant, and Persia from 4000 BCE to 330 BCE. This period saw the rise of powerful empires like Assyria, Babylon, and Persia, each leaving its mark on artistic traditions. Key developments include monumental architecture, innovative sculpture, and advanced metalworking. Iconic works like the Lamassu and Ishtar Gate showcase the era's artistic achievements. These civilizations used art to display power, honor gods, and express cultural values.

Key Civilizations and Time Periods

  • Ancient Near East encompasses civilizations in Mesopotamia, Anatolia, the Levant, and Persia from ~4000 BCE to 330 BCE
  • Assyrian Empire (911-612 BCE) known for its military might, extensive trade networks, and distinctive art style
    • Neo-Assyrian period (911-612 BCE) marked the height of Assyrian power and artistic achievements
  • Babylonian Empire (626-539 BCE) emerged after the fall of the Assyrian Empire
    • Neo-Babylonian period (626-539 BCE) known for its architectural wonders, such as the Hanging Gardens of Babylon
  • Persian Empire (550-330 BCE) founded by Cyrus the Great, became the largest empire of its time
    • Achaemenid period (550-330 BCE) known for its monumental architecture, intricate reliefs, and metalwork
  • Sassanian Empire (224-651 CE) was the last pre-Islamic Persian empire, known for its distinctive art style and cultural achievements

Major Artistic Developments

  • Development of monumental architecture, including palaces, temples, and ziggurats (stepped pyramids)
  • Innovations in sculpture, such as the use of composite creatures (human-animal hybrids) and narrative reliefs
  • Advancement of metalworking techniques, particularly in gold and silver
    • Creation of intricate jewelry, vessels, and decorative objects
  • Emergence of distinctive styles in each civilization, reflecting their cultural values and beliefs
    • Assyrian art characterized by its realism, attention to detail, and emphasis on military prowess
    • Babylonian art known for its colorful glazed bricks and depictions of mythological creatures
    • Persian art distinguished by its harmonious proportions, use of precious materials, and incorporation of diverse cultural influences
  • Development of cuneiform writing, one of the earliest writing systems, which facilitated record-keeping and communication

Iconic Artworks and Artifacts

  • Stele of Hammurabi (c. 1792-1750 BCE) features the Babylonian king receiving the code of laws from the sun god Shamash
  • Assyrian Lamassu (c. 721-705 BCE) monumental stone sculptures of protective deities with human heads, bull or lion bodies, and wings
  • Ishtar Gate (c. 575 BCE) a massive, colorful gateway adorned with glazed brick reliefs of animals and mythological creatures from Neo-Babylonian Babylon
  • Cyrus Cylinder (c. 539-530 BCE) clay cylinder inscribed with Cyrus the Great's proclamation of religious tolerance and freedom for conquered peoples
  • Persepolis (c. 518-330 BCE) ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire, featuring monumental architecture, intricate reliefs, and grand processional ways
    • Apadana Staircase reliefs depict representatives from various provinces bringing gifts to the Persian king
  • Oxus Treasure (5th-4th century BCE) collection of gold and silver objects, showcasing the wealth and craftsmanship of the Achaemenid Empire

Materials and Techniques

  • Stone used for monumental architecture, reliefs, and sculptures
    • Limestone, alabaster, and basalt commonly used in Assyrian and Babylonian art
    • Limestone and granite used in Persian art, particularly at Persepolis
  • Clay used for cuneiform tablets, cylinders, and sealings
    • Glazed bricks used for decorative purposes, especially in Neo-Babylonian architecture (Ishtar Gate)
  • Metals, such as gold, silver, and bronze, used for jewelry, vessels, and decorative objects
    • Techniques included casting, hammering, repoussé, and granulation
  • Textiles, such as wool and linen, used for clothing and decorative purposes
    • Dyes derived from plants and minerals used to create vibrant colors
  • Ivory and precious stones, such as lapis lazuli and carnelian, used for luxury objects and inlays

Cultural and Historical Context

  • Ancient Near Eastern civilizations were characterized by complex political systems, extensive trade networks, and religious beliefs
  • Art served to legitimize the power of rulers, glorify deities, and convey cultural values
    • Assyrian art emphasized the military might and conquests of the empire
    • Babylonian art reflected the importance of religion and mythology in society
    • Persian art showcased the wealth, power, and cultural diversity of the empire
  • Art production was closely tied to the patronage of kings, nobles, and religious institutions
  • Interactions and cultural exchanges between civilizations influenced artistic styles and iconography
    • Persian art incorporated elements from conquered cultures, such as Egyptian and Greek motifs
  • Art played a role in religious practices, such as adorning temples and serving as votive offerings

Symbolism and Themes

  • Depictions of rulers and deities emphasized their power, authority, and divine right to rule
    • Kings often shown in idealized forms, engaged in religious ceremonies or military victories
  • Composite creatures (human-animal hybrids) represented protective deities or symbolized the power of the ruler
    • Lamassu, sphinxes, and griffins were common motifs
  • Narrative reliefs conveyed historical events, mythological stories, and cultural values
    • Assyrian reliefs often depicted military campaigns and the submission of conquered peoples
    • Babylonian reliefs featured mythological creatures and religious scenes
  • Floral and animal motifs held symbolic meanings and were used as decorative elements
    • Lions represented strength and royalty
    • Bulls symbolized fertility and power
    • Tree of life motif represented the interconnectedness of the divine, human, and natural worlds

Influence on Later Art

  • Ancient Near Eastern art had a lasting impact on the artistic traditions of the Mediterranean world and beyond
  • Monumental architecture, such as the Persian Apadana at Persepolis, influenced the design of later palaces and public buildings
  • Iconography and motifs, such as the use of composite creatures and narrative reliefs, were adopted and adapted by subsequent civilizations
    • Greek and Roman art drew inspiration from Persian art, particularly in the depiction of mythological creatures and the use of precious materials
  • Metalworking techniques and styles, such as granulation and repoussé, continued to be used and refined in later periods
  • The legacy of Ancient Near Eastern art can be seen in the artistic traditions of the Islamic world, particularly in the use of geometric patterns and calligraphy

Key Takeaways

  • Ancient Near Eastern art encompasses the artistic production of Mesopotamian, Anatolian, Levantine, and Persian civilizations from ~4000 BCE to 330 BCE
  • Major artistic developments include monumental architecture, innovations in sculpture, advancements in metalworking, and the emergence of distinctive styles reflecting cultural values and beliefs
  • Iconic artworks and artifacts, such as the Stele of Hammurabi, Assyrian Lamassu, Ishtar Gate, and Persepolis, showcase the artistic achievements of these civilizations
  • Materials used in Ancient Near Eastern art include stone, clay, metals, textiles, ivory, and precious stones, with techniques such as casting, hammering, repoussé, and granulation
  • Art served to legitimize the power of rulers, glorify deities, convey cultural values, and play a role in religious practices
  • Symbolism and themes in Ancient Near Eastern art include depictions of rulers and deities, composite creatures, narrative reliefs, and floral and animal motifs
  • Ancient Near Eastern art had a lasting influence on the artistic traditions of the Mediterranean world and beyond, particularly in monumental architecture, iconography, and metalworking techniques


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© 2024 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved.
AP® and SAT® are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse this website.