Name: Resonance and Formal Charge
Uploaded: 2019-10-03T23:00:00.000Z
Description: An introduction to resonance, formal charge, and an in-depth review of the concepts necessary to understanding resonance and formal charge

AP Chemistry

Let's dig deeper into unit 1 of AP Chemistry, in which we cover moles, mass spectroscopy, isotopes, empirical & molecular formulas, composition of mixtures, Coulomb's Law, electron configuration, photoelectron spectroscopy, periodic trends (ionization, atomic & ionic radius, electron affinity, electronegativity), valence electrons, and more!

Unit 1 – Atomic Structure & Properties

Let's dive into unit 2 of AP Chemistry in which we cover ionic bonding, nonpolar & polar covalent bonding, metallic bonding, delocalization, sigma & pi bonds, bond length & energy, ionic solids, lattice energy, alloys, lewis dot diagrams, resonance, formal charge, VESPR, Bond Hybridization, molecular geometry, and much more!

Unit 2 – Molecular & Ionic Bonding

Let's explore unit 3 of AP Chemistry in which we cover intermolecular forces, properties of solids/liquids/gases, deviations from ideal gas law, kinetic molecular theory, dilutions, properties of solutions, separation of mixtures, solubility rules, photoelectric effect, spectophotometry, Beer-Lambert Law, and absorption!

Unit 3 – Intermolecular Forces & Properties

Chemical reactions! In unit 4 of AP Chemistry, we cover net-ionic equations, stoichiometry, physical vs chemical changes, balancing chemical equations, titrations, and types of chemical reactions (synthesis, combustion, decompostion, single & double replacement, precipitation, acid-base neutralization, and redox), and more!

Unit 4 – Chemical Reactions

How fast will this reaction proceed? In unit 5 of AP Chemistry, we cover reaction rates, rate laws, reaction orders, integrated rate laws, collision theory, energy and reaction progress graphs, Arrhenius equation, reaction mechanisms into elementary steps, (catalysts, intermediates, rate determining steps), and activation energy!

Unit 5 – Kinetics

Bring on the heat! In unit 6 of AP Chemistry, we cover exothermic vs endothermic processes, energy diagrams, phase changes, heat transfer, thermal equilibrium, heat capacity, calorimetry, heat equations, heat curves, enthalpy of reaction, bond enthalpy, bond dissociation energy, enthalpy of formation, Hess's Law, and much more!

Unit 6 – Thermodynamics

It's all things equilibrium in unit 7 of AP Chemistry! We cover dynamic equilibrium, equilibrium constant, equilibrium concentrations, reaction quotient, particle representations of equilibrium, ICE tables, solubility equilibria, Le Chatelier's Principle, pH & solubility, free energy of dissolution!

Unit 7 – Equilibrium

Let's dig deeper into acids and bases in unit 8 of AP Chemistry! We cover the definition and molecular structure of acids & bases, pH and pOH of strong acids & bases, weak acid & base equilibria, Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, acid-base titrations, properties of buffers, buffer capacity, acid-base reactions, pH, pKa, pKb!

Unit 8 – Acids & Bases

Learn about batteries and disorder in unit 9 of AP Chemistry. We cover entropy changes, Gibbs free energy, thermodynamic favorability, kinetic control, relationship between equilibrium constant and free energy, galvanic (voltaic) and electrolyte cells, half-reactions, cell potential, electrolysis, Faraday's Law!

Unit 9 – Applications of Thermodynamics

Frequently Asked Questions

Let's break down the AP Chemistry exam! We'll cover MCQ and FRQ logistics, scoring guidelines, effective strategies, and examples. 

Exam Skills

Learn about the AP Chemistry essentials. These are things that you should have memorized to succeed in AP Chemistry. We'll cover everything from nomenclature to energy to significant figures. With this review, you'll be more than ready to tackle AP Chemistry!

Subject Guides

AP Cram Sessions 2021

Previous Exam Prep

AP Cram Sessions 2020

Study Tools

An introduction to resonance, formal charge, and an in-depth review of the concepts necessary to understanding resonance and formal charge

AP Chemistry Unit 1: Atomic Structure and Properties 

Introduction to Chemistry ⚗️

AP Chemistry Unit 1 Key Vocabulary

Unit 1 Overview: Atomic Structure and Properties

The Atom

What is a mole?

Molar Mass of a Substance

What is molar mass? 

How do I calculate molar mass?

Calculating Molar Mass: Carbon Dioxide

Avogadro's Number 

Dimensional Analysis

Dimensional Analysis with Moles and Molar Mass

CO2 - Converting from Grams to Moles 

CO2 - Converting from Moles to Atoms

CO2 - Finding the number of atoms of C

CO2 - Finding the number of atoms of O

Moles and Molar Mass

Review of the Periodic Table ⚗️

The Average Atomic Mass of an Element

What are isotopes?

Calculating Carbon's Average Atomic Mass 

Mass Spectroscopy 📊

Mass Spectrum of Carbon ✏️

Putting Isotopes and Mass Spectrums Together

Sample AP Question - 2007 Exam

Mass Spectroscopy as a Laboratory Procedure

Mass Spectroscopy of Elements

Three States of Matter

Categorizing Matter by Composition

Pure Substances

Elements and Compounds

Formula Units

Law of Definite Proportions 

Understanding the Law of Definite Proportions 🍪

Empirical Formula 

The Empirical Formula of Glucose 🍬

Empirical Formula - Practice Question #1

Elemental Composition of Pure Substances

What are Mixtures?

Formula Units: Pure Substances and Mixtures

Different Types of Mixtures

Separating Mixtures

Distillation

Filtration

Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC)

AP Practice Question - 2018 #2

AP Practice Question - 2017 #4

Composition of Mixtures

John Dalton and the Atomic Theory

Coulomb's Law

Breaking down Coulomb's Law

Understanding Coulomb's Law

The Atom: Electrons

The Bohr Model

The Electron Configuration of an Atom

How is the electron configuration derived? 💭

Electron Configuration Rules

How do we write the electron configuration of an atom?

Where do the rules apply?

Writing the Electron Configuration of Element 26 (Fe)

Understanding Core and Valence Electrons

Atomic Structure and Electron Configuration

The Quantum-Mechanical Model

The Properties of Light 🌈

Light as Particle

The Photoelectric Effect

Photoelectron Spectroscopy (PES)

How does PES work?

Interpreting a Photoelectron Spectrum

Big Ideas with Photoelectron Spectroscopy

Practice MCQs

Answers to MCQs

AP Practice Question - 2019 #5

Photoelectron Spectroscopy

Foundational Concepts for Periodic Trends

Organization of the Periodic Table

Effective Nuclear Charge 

5 Periodic Trends to Know for AP Chemistry

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Electronegativity

Ionization Energy

Electron Affinity

Overview Image of Periodic Trends

Periodic Trends

Foundational Knowledge of Bonding

Valence Electrons

Charges of Ions

Types of Elements

Types of Bonds

Ionic Bonds

Covalent Bonds

Charges and Partial Charges

Check your Understanding

Valence Electrons and Ionic Compounds

AP Chemistry Unit 2: Molecular & Ionic Compounds

Unit Two's Big Picture

AP Chemistry Unit 2 Key Vocabulary

Unit 2 Overview: Molecular and Ionic Compound Structure and Properties

Principles of Bonding

✨ Coulomb's Law

Ionic Bonding

Applying Coulomb's Law

Covalent Bonding

Example of Polar Covalent Bond - H2O

Example of Nonpolar Covalent Bond - O2

Distinguishing Between Nonpolar & Polar Covalent Bonds

Which Chemical Bond will Form?

Characteristics of Both Bonds

Types of Chemical Bonds

Potential Energy and Bonding

Potential Energy and Covalent Bonds

👀 Breaking Down a Potential Energy Diagram 

Forces Within Ionic Bonds

Intramolecular Force and Potential Energy 

Structure of Ionic Solids 

Representation of Ionic Solids

Explaining the Lattice Structure

Properties of Ionic Substances

Lattice Energy

💪 Review of Coulomb's Law

Putting Everything Together

Sample Responses

Structure of Ionic Solids

Metallic Bonding

Sea of Electrons

Comparing Solids

Alloys

🍳 Interstitial Alloys

🎺 Substitutional Alloys

Interstitial vs. Substitutional Alloys

Practice Question Sample Responses

Structure of Metals and Alloys

What are Lewis Diagrams?

Drawing Lewis Dot Structures (LDS)

Ionic LDSs

Covalent LDSs

⭐Exceptions to the Octet Rule

Examples of Lewis Structures

Answers to Practice Questions 

Lewis Diagrams

Resonance

How do you know when a structure has resonance?

Formal Charge

How do you calculate formal charges?

When do I check the formal charge of an atom?

Example with Formal Charge

AP FRQ Practice Questions

AP Chemistry Exam 2016 - #2e

AP Chemistry Exam 2017 - #1c

AP Chemistry Exam 2017 #2a

Resonance and Formal Charge

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR)

What do I need to know about VSEPR?

VSEPR

Bonding

Sigma and Pi Bonds

Hybridization

AP Free-Response Questions

2007 Examination - #6a-d

2010 Examination - #5a-c

AP FRQ Scoring Guidelines

VSEPR and Bond Hybridization

From the College Board

👀 Develop Your Understanding of this unit

🔎 Big Idea Questions

AP Chemistry Unit 3: Intermolecular Forces & Properties

📝Unit 3 Key Vocabulary

Unit 3 Overview: Intermolecular Forces and Properties

London Dispersion Forces 

Dipole-Dipole Interactions 

Intermolecular Forces

Resonance and Formal Charge

Resources

Resonance and Formal Charge

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