scoresvideos
Social Psychology
Table of Contents
Unit 10 Overview: Interpersonal Attraction & Relationships
10.1 Theories of Interpersonal Attraction
10.2 Love and Intimate Relationships
10.3 Relationship Maintenance and Dissolution
10.4 Social Exchange in Relationships

Social exchange theories explain relationships through economic principles, viewing interactions as transactions where people seek to maximize rewards and minimize costs. These theories explore how individuals evaluate relationships based on fairness, resource exchange, and cost-benefit analysis.

Relationship satisfaction depends on comparing outcomes to personal standards and available alternatives. Understanding these concepts helps explain why people stay in or leave relationships, and how they navigate the complex world of interpersonal connections.

Social Exchange Theories

Foundations of Social Exchange Theory

  • Social exchange theory explains social behavior through economic principles
  • Assumes people seek to maximize rewards and minimize costs in relationships
  • Views relationships as transactions where resources are exchanged
  • Resources exchanged include tangible goods (money, gifts) and intangible benefits (love, status)
  • Proposes individuals calculate the value of a relationship by subtracting costs from rewards
  • Predicts people will maintain relationships where rewards outweigh costs

Equity Theory and Fairness in Relationships

  • Equity theory focuses on fairness and balance in relationships
  • Proposes people are most satisfied when their input-to-outcome ratio matches their partner's
  • Defines inputs as contributions to the relationship (effort, time, resources)
  • Outcomes represent benefits received from the relationship (love, support, material goods)
  • Suggests inequity leads to distress and attempts to restore balance
  • Overbenefited partners may experience guilt and increase contributions
  • Underbenefited partners often feel anger and may decrease their inputs

Interpersonal Resource Theory

  • Interpersonal resource theory categorizes six types of resources exchanged in relationships
  • Love includes affection, warmth, and comfort
  • Status involves respect, prestige, and social standing
  • Information encompasses advice, opinions, and instructions
  • Money represents any form of currency or financial assets
  • Goods refer to tangible items or products
  • Services involve tasks or favors performed for others
  • Proposes different relationship types emphasize distinct resource exchanges (romantic relationships focus on love, work relationships prioritize money and status)

Evaluating Relationships

Cost-Benefit Analysis in Relationships

  • Cost-benefit analysis involves weighing the positive and negative aspects of a relationship
  • Costs include time, effort, emotional investment, and potential drawbacks
  • Benefits encompass emotional support, companionship, and shared experiences
  • People assess whether the overall benefits justify the costs involved
  • Positive relationships typically have a favorable cost-benefit ratio
  • Individuals may end relationships when costs consistently outweigh benefits
  • This analysis often occurs subconsciously in day-to-day interactions

Comparison Levels and Satisfaction

  • Comparison level represents the standard against which individuals evaluate their relationships
  • Shaped by past experiences, observations of others, and cultural expectations
  • High comparison levels result from positive past relationships or idealized expectations
  • Low comparison levels may stem from negative relationship histories or low self-esteem
  • Satisfaction occurs when relationship outcomes exceed the comparison level
  • Dissatisfaction arises when outcomes fall below the comparison level
  • Comparison levels can change over time based on new experiences and information

Alternatives and Relationship Stability

  • Comparison level for alternatives refers to the perceived quality of available relationship options
  • Includes the possibility of being single or forming new relationships
  • High-quality alternatives may decrease commitment to current relationships
  • Low-quality alternatives often increase dependence on existing partnerships
  • Influences decisions to stay in or leave relationships
  • Affected by factors such as attractiveness, social skills, and opportunities to meet new people
  • Can change based on life circumstances (entering a new social environment, personal growth)

Relationship Norms

The Reciprocity Norm and Its Impact

  • Reciprocity norm dictates that people should return favors and treat others as they are treated
  • Plays a crucial role in initiating and maintaining social relationships
  • Encourages cooperation and mutual benefit in interpersonal interactions
  • Operates across various cultures and social contexts
  • Can lead to both positive (mutual support) and negative (revenge) outcomes
  • Influences gift-giving behaviors and social obligations
  • Creates a sense of indebtedness when favors are not reciprocated
  • Helps establish trust and predictability in social exchanges
  • Can be exploited in marketing and persuasion techniques (free samples, reciprocal concessions)
  • May create pressure to maintain unwanted relationships due to perceived obligations

Key Terms to Review (19)

Harold Kelley: Harold Kelley was a prominent social psychologist known for his contributions to attribution theory, particularly the covariation model, which explains how individuals infer the causes of behavior. His work is essential for understanding how people attribute success or failure in relationships, as well as in various social situations. Kelley's theories provide insights into the dynamics of social interactions, helping to explain how we assess others and ourselves in different contexts.
Romantic partnerships: Romantic partnerships are intimate relationships between individuals that typically involve emotional attachment, mutual affection, and often physical intimacy. These partnerships can vary widely in terms of commitment levels, ranging from casual dating to long-term commitments like marriage. They are influenced by social exchange dynamics, where partners weigh the benefits and costs of the relationship.
Friendship dynamics: Friendship dynamics refers to the complex and evolving patterns of interaction, communication, and emotional connections that characterize friendships over time. These dynamics can include changes in trust, support, intimacy, and conflict, all of which can impact how friends relate to each other. Understanding these patterns helps in recognizing how friendships are influenced by individual behaviors, social contexts, and the exchange of resources between friends.
John Thibaut: John Thibaut was a prominent social psychologist known for his contributions to the field of social exchange theory, particularly in the study of interpersonal relationships. He is best recognized for developing the concept of the 'social exchange model,' which emphasizes the importance of cost-benefit analysis in understanding how individuals evaluate their relationships and make decisions about them. Thibaut's work laid the foundation for understanding how individuals negotiate the rewards and costs in their relationships, ultimately influencing how social interactions are viewed within the framework of social psychology.
Exchange norms: Exchange norms refer to the social expectations and rules that guide the behavior of individuals in interactions where resources, goods, or services are exchanged. These norms dictate how individuals perceive fairness and reciprocity in relationships, influencing whether they feel obligated to give back after receiving something. They play a significant role in shaping both personal relationships and larger social exchanges.
Exchange Relationships: Exchange relationships are social connections where individuals provide benefits to each other with the expectation of receiving comparable benefits in return. These relationships are based on the principle of reciprocity, where both parties are motivated by self-interest and a desire for fairness, often involving a calculation of costs and rewards associated with their interactions.
Reward: A reward is a positive outcome or benefit that is received as a result of an action or behavior. In relationships, rewards can manifest in various forms such as emotional support, companionship, and tangible benefits that enhance overall satisfaction and commitment. Understanding rewards is essential for analyzing the dynamics of social exchange, where individuals weigh the benefits they receive against the costs involved in maintaining their relationships.
Equity: Equity refers to the fairness and balance in the distribution of resources and benefits within interpersonal relationships. It suggests that for a relationship to be satisfying and enduring, the contributions and outcomes should be proportionate among partners, creating a sense of justice and stability. This principle emphasizes that both partners should feel they are giving and receiving in equal measure, which fosters mutual satisfaction and commitment.
Communal relationships: Communal relationships are those in which individuals prioritize the needs and well-being of others over their own, often characterized by a strong sense of emotional connection and mutual support. In these relationships, the focus is on the collective good rather than personal gain, leading to a commitment to care for one another regardless of the immediate rewards. This kind of relationship often fosters deeper emotional bonds and can lead to greater overall satisfaction and fulfillment.
Satisfaction level: Satisfaction level refers to the degree of contentment or happiness that an individual experiences in a relationship based on the perceived benefits and costs. It plays a crucial role in social exchange theory, which suggests that people evaluate their relationships in terms of rewards, costs, and alternatives, influencing their overall satisfaction and commitment to the relationship.
Commitment level: Commitment level refers to the degree of dedication and intention that individuals have towards maintaining and investing in their relationships. It encompasses emotional attachment, long-term aspirations, and the willingness to overcome obstacles for the sake of the relationship. A higher commitment level often leads to more stable and satisfying relationships, as partners are more likely to work through challenges together.
Outcome: In the context of social exchange theory, an outcome refers to the perceived benefits or rewards that an individual receives from a relationship compared to the costs incurred. This concept emphasizes that individuals assess their relationships based on the balance of what they gain versus what they give up, which can influence their satisfaction and commitment levels within the relationship. A positive outcome occurs when rewards outweigh costs, while a negative outcome happens when costs surpass rewards.
Cost: In the context of social exchange in relationships, cost refers to the negative aspects or sacrifices that individuals incur when maintaining a relationship. These can include emotional labor, time commitment, or any resources that might detract from an individual's well-being or happiness. Understanding cost helps to highlight the balance between what one invests in a relationship versus what one receives, ultimately influencing decisions about whether to continue or terminate the relationship.
Conflict resolution: Conflict resolution refers to the methods and processes involved in facilitating the peaceful ending of a conflict and retribution. It encompasses a variety of techniques aimed at resolving disputes, whether interpersonal, group-based, or organizational. This process is vital in improving group decision making, reducing aggression and violence, fostering healthier social exchanges in relationships, and enhancing organizational behavior by promoting effective communication and understanding among parties.
Reciprocity: Reciprocity refers to the social norm of responding to a positive action with another positive action, fostering mutual benefit and cooperation. This principle plays a crucial role in shaping social interactions, as individuals often feel compelled to return favors or kindness, which can enhance relationships and influence decision-making processes. The concept is deeply embedded in human behavior, promoting trust and reinforcing social bonds across various contexts.
Negotiation: Negotiation is the process by which two or more parties communicate and attempt to reach an agreement on a specific issue or set of issues. It involves a back-and-forth discussion where each party presents their interests and seeks to find a mutually beneficial outcome. This dynamic process can help to manage conflicts, reduce aggression, and strengthen relationships by fostering cooperation and understanding.
Comparison Level: The comparison level is a standard used by individuals to evaluate the desirability of a relationship based on their expectations of what they think they deserve. This concept influences how people perceive their current relationships by comparing them to past experiences or societal norms, ultimately affecting satisfaction and commitment levels within relationships.
Social Exchange Theory: Social exchange theory is a social psychological perspective that suggests human relationships are formed based on the exchange of rewards and costs. It posits that individuals assess their interactions by weighing the benefits they receive against the sacrifices they make, which plays a significant role in decisions related to relationships and altruistic behaviors.
Interdependence: Interdependence refers to the mutual reliance between individuals or groups, where the actions of one party directly influence the outcomes of another. This concept emphasizes the interconnectedness of relationships and how cooperation and collaboration can enhance the benefits for all involved. Interdependence is crucial in understanding social dynamics, as it highlights how individuals’ behaviors and decisions are shaped by their connections to others.