scoresvideos
Social Psychology
Table of Contents
Unit 10 Overview: Interpersonal Attraction & Relationships
10.1 Theories of Interpersonal Attraction
10.2 Love and Intimate Relationships
10.3 Relationship Maintenance and Dissolution
10.4 Social Exchange in Relationships

Love is complex, with different types and components. Sternberg's theory breaks it down into intimacy, passion, and commitment, creating eight love types. Understanding these helps us navigate relationships better.

Passionate love brings intense emotions, while companionate love grows over time. Attachment styles from childhood influence adult relationships. Intimacy and commitment are key factors in maintaining strong, lasting connections.

Types of Love

Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love

  • Sternberg's triangular theory proposes three components of love: intimacy, passion, and commitment
  • Intimacy involves feelings of closeness, connectedness, and bondedness in relationships
  • Passion encompasses drives connected to romance, physical attraction, and sexual consummation
  • Commitment includes short-term decision to love someone and long-term commitment to maintain that love
  • Theory combines these components to create eight different types of love:
    • Non-love: absence of all three components
    • Liking: only intimacy present (friendship)
    • Infatuation: only passion present (crush or lust)
    • Empty love: only commitment present (arranged marriages)
    • Romantic love: intimacy and passion present (new romantic relationships)
    • Companionate love: intimacy and commitment present (long-term friendships)
    • Fatuous love: passion and commitment present (whirlwind romances)
    • Consummate love: all three components present (ideal complete love)

Passionate and Companionate Love

  • Passionate love characterized by intense emotions, sexual attraction, and anxiety
    • Often experienced at the beginning of romantic relationships
    • Involves physiological arousal (increased heart rate, sweating)
    • Can lead to obsessive thoughts and idealization of partner
    • Typically declines over time as relationship progresses
  • Companionate love develops gradually over time
    • Based on deep affection, mutual understanding, and commitment
    • Characterized by stability, trust, and intimacy
    • Often seen in long-term marriages or close friendships
    • Can coexist with passionate love in healthy long-term relationships

Romantic Love and Limerence

  • Romantic love combines elements of passionate and companionate love
    • Involves strong emotional and physical attraction
    • Includes desire for long-term commitment and partnership
    • Often associated with "falling in love" and early stages of relationships
  • Limerence describes an intense, involuntary state of romantic attraction
    • Characterized by intrusive thoughts, heightened empathy, and desire for reciprocation
    • Can lead to mood swings, anxiety, and physical symptoms (loss of appetite)
    • Usually temporary, lasting from a few months to several years
    • May evolve into more stable forms of love or fade completely

Relationship Dynamics

Attachment Styles in Adult Relationships

  • Attachment styles developed in childhood influence adult romantic relationships
  • Four main adult attachment styles:
    • Secure attachment: comfortable with intimacy and independence
    • Anxious-preoccupied: desire extreme closeness, fear abandonment
    • Dismissive-avoidant: value independence, uncomfortable with emotional intimacy
    • Fearful-avoidant: desire closeness but fear getting hurt
  • Attachment styles affect:
    • Communication patterns in relationships
    • Conflict resolution strategies
    • Levels of trust and intimacy
    • Relationship satisfaction and longevity

Intimacy and Commitment in Relationships

  • Intimacy involves emotional closeness, vulnerability, and self-disclosure
    • Develops through shared experiences and mutual understanding
    • Requires trust and acceptance between partners
    • Can be fostered through open communication and empathy
  • Commitment represents dedication to maintaining the relationship
    • Includes both cognitive and emotional components
    • Short-term commitment: decision to love and stay with a partner
    • Long-term commitment: dedication to making the relationship work
  • Factors influencing commitment levels:
    • Satisfaction with the relationship
    • Quality of alternatives (perceived availability of other partners)
    • Investment size (time, emotional energy, shared resources)
  • Relationship maintenance behaviors:
    • Expressing affection and appreciation
    • Supporting partner's goals and personal growth
    • Engaging in shared activities and rituals
    • Addressing conflicts constructively

Key Terms to Review (18)

Relationship satisfaction: Relationship satisfaction refers to the subjective evaluation and overall contentment an individual feels within their romantic or intimate relationship. It encompasses various aspects, including emotional connection, communication quality, and shared values, all of which contribute to a person's happiness and fulfillment in the relationship. High levels of relationship satisfaction often lead to stronger bonds and greater commitment between partners, while low satisfaction can lead to conflict and potentially dissolution.
Trust: Trust is the belief or confidence in the reliability, integrity, and ability of a person or relationship. It is a fundamental aspect of love and intimate relationships, as it fosters emotional safety and security, allowing individuals to share their thoughts and feelings openly without fear of betrayal or rejection. Trust enables partners to navigate challenges together and deepens their connection over time.
Fearful-avoidant attachment: Fearful-avoidant attachment is a style of interpersonal attachment characterized by a desire for intimacy coupled with an underlying fear of rejection or abandonment. Individuals with this attachment style often struggle to trust others and may avoid close relationships, fearing emotional pain, while simultaneously craving connection and affection. This ambivalence can create challenges in love and intimate relationships, leading to patterns of instability and insecurity.
Relationship maintenance behaviors: Relationship maintenance behaviors are the actions and strategies that partners in a relationship use to sustain and enhance their connection over time. These behaviors help to foster intimacy, trust, and satisfaction within intimate relationships, and they can include communication, affection, and conflict resolution techniques. By actively engaging in these behaviors, individuals work to keep their relationships healthy and fulfilling.
Relationship longevity: Relationship longevity refers to the duration and persistence of romantic or intimate partnerships over time. It encompasses the factors and dynamics that contribute to maintaining a relationship, such as emotional connection, communication, commitment, and shared experiences. Understanding relationship longevity helps to identify the strengths and challenges that couples face throughout their journey together.
Conflict resolution strategies: Conflict resolution strategies are approaches or methods employed to address and resolve disagreements, disputes, or conflicts in a constructive manner. These strategies are essential in love and intimate relationships as they help partners navigate their differences, improve communication, and foster understanding, ultimately leading to healthier interactions and stronger bonds.
Dismissive-avoidant attachment: Dismissive-avoidant attachment is a style characterized by a reluctance to rely on others and a strong sense of self-sufficiency, often leading individuals to downplay the importance of close relationships. People with this attachment style typically maintain emotional distance from their partners, avoiding intimacy and connection. This tendency can stem from early experiences where emotional needs were not met, fostering a belief that relying on others is unwise or unnecessary.
Anxious-preoccupied attachment: Anxious-preoccupied attachment is a style of attachment characterized by a strong desire for closeness and intimacy, coupled with a fear of rejection or abandonment. Individuals with this attachment style often seek reassurance and validation from their partners but may also exhibit clingy or overly dependent behaviors, stemming from a lack of self-confidence and a heightened sensitivity to relationship dynamics.
Communication patterns: Communication patterns refer to the ways in which individuals exchange information and express their thoughts, feelings, and needs within relationships. These patterns can vary widely, influencing emotional intimacy, conflict resolution, and overall relationship satisfaction. Understanding communication patterns is essential for building healthy connections and resolving misunderstandings between partners.
Romantic love: Romantic love is a deep emotional and passionate attachment between individuals, characterized by feelings of affection, attraction, and a desire for intimacy. It often involves a mix of physical desire and emotional connection, leading to a profound bond that can enhance the quality of life for those involved. This type of love typically includes elements like infatuation, commitment, and an idealization of the partner, making it a unique aspect of intimate relationships.
Secure attachment: Secure attachment is a healthy emotional bond formed between an infant and their caregiver, characterized by trust, comfort, and a sense of safety. This type of attachment allows individuals to feel secure enough to explore their environment while knowing they can rely on their caregiver for support and reassurance. In the context of love and intimate relationships, secure attachment fosters strong emotional connections, effective communication, and resilience in the face of challenges.
Limerence: Limerence is an intense emotional state characterized by infatuation, obsessive thoughts, and a strong desire for reciprocation from a person who is the object of affection. This complex emotional experience often includes feelings of euphoria, anxiety, and vulnerability, making it distinct from mere romantic attraction. It is marked by a preoccupation with the beloved and an overwhelming longing for a deeper connection, often leading to idealization of the person involved.
Companionate love: Companionate love is a deep emotional bond characterized by affection, trust, and intimacy, often seen in long-term relationships and friendships. It emphasizes a strong sense of connection and mutual respect, which grows over time and can be more stable compared to passionate love. This type of love is crucial for maintaining lasting intimate relationships as it fosters security and emotional support.
Attachment Styles: Attachment styles refer to the patterns of expectations, needs, and emotions that influence how individuals approach relationships, formed through early interactions with caregivers. These styles shape one's feelings of security and anxiety in romantic contexts, affecting how people connect with others in love and intimate relationships.
Intimacy: Intimacy refers to a close, familiar, and usually affectionate or loving personal relationship with another individual. It encompasses emotional closeness, mutual trust, and the sharing of personal thoughts and feelings, which are essential components in developing strong bonds in romantic and platonic relationships. Intimacy is not limited to physical interactions; it can also manifest through emotional support and deep communication.
Passionate love: Passionate love is an intense emotional and physical attraction characterized by feelings of ecstasy, longing, and a desire for closeness with another person. It often involves romantic feelings that are all-consuming and can lead to both euphoric highs and distressing lows. This type of love typically emerges at the beginning of a romantic relationship and plays a crucial role in the development of intimate connections.
Commitment: Commitment refers to the decision to remain in a relationship and the dedication to work through challenges together. It involves emotional attachment and a willingness to invest time and energy into maintaining the relationship. This concept plays a crucial role in shaping how individuals navigate love and intimacy, as well as their responses to relationship conflicts or changes.
Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love: Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love proposes that love is composed of three essential components: intimacy, passion, and commitment. These components interact to create different types of love experiences, influencing the dynamics of intimate relationships and how they evolve over time.