8.6 Climate security
8 min read•august 20, 2024
Climate change poses significant threats to global security, exacerbating conflicts and creating new challenges. Its impacts include resource scarcity, migration, and . Understanding these complex interactions is crucial for developing effective strategies.
Climate change has far-reaching geopolitical implications that require international cooperation. These consequences include shifts in power dynamics, increased competition for resources, and new security threats. Climate acts as a , intensifying existing risks.
Climate change impacts on security
- Climate change poses significant threats to global security by exacerbating existing conflicts, destabilizing vulnerable regions, and creating new challenges
- Impacts of climate change on security are multifaceted, including resource scarcity, migration, food and , and health risks
- Understanding the complex interplay between climate change and security is crucial for developing effective adaptation and mitigation strategies
Geopolitical implications of climate change
- Climate change has far-reaching geopolitical implications that transcend national borders and require international cooperation to address effectively
- Geopolitical consequences of climate change include shifts in power dynamics, increased competition for resources, and the emergence of new security threats
Resource scarcity and conflict
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- Climate change can lead to resource scarcity, particularly in regions already prone to conflict or instability
- Competition over dwindling resources such as water, arable land, and energy sources can fuel existing conflicts or spark new ones
- Examples of resource-driven conflicts include disputes over transboundary water resources (Nile River) and competition for oil and gas reserves in the Arctic
Climate migration and displacement
- Climate change is expected to drive large-scale migration and as certain regions become uninhabitable due to rising sea levels, droughts, or extreme weather events
- Climate migrants and refugees can strain resources and infrastructure in receiving areas, potentially leading to social and political tensions
- Low-lying island nations (Maldives) and coastal communities are particularly vulnerable to displacement due to
Threats to food and water security
- Climate change poses significant threats to food and water security by altering precipitation patterns, increasing the frequency of droughts and floods, and affecting crop yields
- Food and water insecurity can lead to social unrest, political instability, and conflict, particularly in regions with limited adaptive capacity
- Climate-related threats to food security include reduced agricultural productivity, disruptions to supply chains, and increased food prices
Climate as a threat multiplier
- Climate change acts as a threat multiplier by exacerbating existing security risks and creating new challenges that compound vulnerabilities
- The impacts of climate change can interact with other stressors such as poverty, inequality, and weak governance to amplify security threats
Exacerbation of existing conflicts
- Climate change can exacerbate existing conflicts by increasing competition for scarce resources, displacing populations, and eroding social cohesion
- In regions with pre-existing tensions or instability, the added pressures of climate change can fuel grievances and escalate violence
- Examples include the role of drought in exacerbating conflicts in Syria and Somalia
Destabilization of vulnerable regions
- Climate change can destabilize vulnerable regions by undermining livelihoods, straining governance systems, and eroding resilience to shocks and stresses
- Regions with limited adaptive capacity and weak institutions are particularly susceptible to the destabilizing effects of climate change
- The Sahel region of Africa is highly vulnerable to climate-related security risks due to its reliance on rain-fed agriculture and history of conflict
Adaptation and resilience strategies
- Developing effective adaptation and resilience strategies is crucial for mitigating the security risks posed by climate change
- Adaptation strategies aim to reduce vulnerability and enhance the capacity of communities and systems to cope with the impacts of climate change
Climate-proofing infrastructure
- Climate-proofing infrastructure involves designing and constructing infrastructure that can withstand the impacts of climate change, such as sea-level rise, extreme weather events, and temperature fluctuations
- Climate-resilient infrastructure can help protect communities, maintain essential services, and reduce the risk of displacement and conflict
- Examples of climate-proofing measures include elevating buildings, strengthening coastal defenses, and improving drainage systems
Disaster preparedness and response
- Strengthening disaster preparedness and response capabilities is essential for managing the security risks associated with climate-related disasters
- Effective disaster management requires robust early warning systems, well-coordinated emergency response plans, and adequate resources for relief and recovery efforts
- Investing in disaster risk reduction measures, such as flood control systems and drought-resistant crops, can help mitigate the impacts of climate-related disasters
International cooperation on climate security
- Addressing the security implications of climate change requires international cooperation and coordination to develop effective policies, share resources, and build resilience
- International institutions and frameworks play a crucial role in facilitating climate security cooperation and promoting global action
Role of global governance institutions
- , such as the United Nations and the World Bank, play a key role in addressing climate security challenges by setting global agendas, mobilizing resources, and facilitating international cooperation
- The United Nations Security Council has recognized climate change as a threat to international peace and security, underscoring the need for concerted global action
- The (IPCC) provides scientific assessments that inform global climate policy and decision-making
Climate diplomacy and negotiations
- and negotiations are essential for building international consensus, setting global targets, and mobilizing resources to address climate security challenges
- The , adopted in 2015, is a landmark global accord that sets ambitious goals for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and building resilience to climate change
- Effective climate diplomacy requires balancing national interests with global priorities and ensuring equitable burden-sharing among countries
Climate security in national defense policies
- Integrating climate security considerations into national defense policies is crucial for preparing military forces to respond to climate-related threats and building resilience
- National security strategies increasingly recognize climate change as a threat to national interests and global stability
Integration into military planning
- Military planners are increasingly incorporating climate change considerations into strategic assessments, risk analyses, and operational planning
- Climate change can affect military operations by altering the physical environment, straining resources, and creating new security challenges
- Examples of climate considerations in military planning include assessing the vulnerability of military installations to sea-level rise and developing contingency plans for climate-related disasters
Climate change as a national security threat
- Many countries now recognize climate change as a national security threat due to its potential to undermine stability, exacerbate conflicts, and strain military resources
- The U.S. Department of Defense has identified climate change as a threat multiplier that can affect military readiness, operations, and strategy
- Addressing climate change as a national security threat requires a whole-of-government approach that integrates defense, diplomacy, and development efforts
Climate justice and equity considerations
- Climate justice and equity considerations are central to addressing the security implications of climate change, as vulnerable communities often bear a disproportionate burden of the impacts
- Ensuring equitable access to resources, decision-making processes, and adaptive capacity is crucial for building resilience and reducing the risk of conflict
Disproportionate impacts on developing nations
- Developing nations, particularly those in the Global South, are disproportionately affected by the impacts of climate change due to their limited adaptive capacity and high vulnerability to climate-related risks
- Many developing countries lack the financial resources, technological capabilities, and institutional capacity to effectively respond to climate security challenges
- The principle of common but differentiated responsibilities recognizes the historical contributions of developed countries to climate change and their greater capacity to address its impacts
Responsibility of high-emitting countries
- High-emitting countries, primarily industrialized nations, have a greater responsibility to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions and support and resilience efforts in vulnerable regions
- The principle of climate justice calls for equitable burden-sharing and the provision of financial and technical assistance to developing countries to address climate security challenges
- The , established under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, aims to support low-emission and climate-resilient development in developing countries
Intersection of climate and human security
- Climate change poses significant threats to by undermining livelihoods, health, and well-being, particularly for vulnerable populations
- The intersection of climate and human security highlights the need for integrated approaches that address the social, economic, and environmental dimensions of climate change
Health risks and pandemics
- Climate change can exacerbate health risks by altering disease vectors, increasing the frequency of extreme weather events, and straining health systems
- Changing climate conditions can expand the range of disease-carrying insects (mosquitoes), increasing the risk of vector-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue fever
- Climate-related disasters, such as floods and heatwaves, can lead to outbreaks of water-borne diseases and heat-related illnesses, particularly in areas with limited public health infrastructure
Livelihood and economic security
- Climate change can undermine livelihood and economic security by affecting agriculture, fisheries, and other climate-sensitive sectors
- Changes in temperature, precipitation patterns, and the frequency of extreme weather events can reduce agricultural productivity, disrupt supply chains, and increase food insecurity
- Climate-related economic losses can exacerbate poverty, inequality, and social tensions, particularly in regions with limited social safety nets and economic opportunities
Climate security in urban contexts
- Urban areas are particularly vulnerable to the security implications of climate change due to their high population density, complex infrastructure systems, and concentration of economic assets
- Addressing climate security in urban contexts requires tailored strategies that account for the unique challenges and opportunities of cities
Vulnerability of coastal cities
- Coastal cities are highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, particularly sea-level rise, storm surges, and coastal flooding
- Many of the world's largest cities are located in low-lying coastal areas, putting millions of people and critical infrastructure at risk
- Examples of highly vulnerable coastal cities include Jakarta, Miami, and Mumbai, which face significant risks from sea-level rise and extreme weather events
Urban resilience planning
- involves developing strategies and policies to enhance the ability of cities to withstand, adapt to, and recover from climate-related shocks and stresses
- Effective urban resilience planning requires a multi-sectoral approach that integrates climate considerations into land-use planning, infrastructure development, and disaster risk management
- Examples of urban resilience measures include green infrastructure (urban parks), flood-resistant building codes, and early warning systems for extreme weather events
Role of technology in climate security
- Technology plays a crucial role in addressing the security implications of climate change by enabling better monitoring, prediction, and response to climate-related risks
- Advances in technology can support climate adaptation and resilience efforts, improve resource management, and facilitate international cooperation
Early warning systems and monitoring
- Early warning systems and monitoring technologies are essential for detecting and responding to climate-related security risks, such as extreme weather events, sea-level rise, and resource scarcity
- Satellite imagery, remote sensing, and geographic information systems (GIS) can provide real-time data on environmental conditions, enabling better risk assessment and decision-making
- Examples of early warning systems include drought monitoring systems, flood forecasting tools, and wildfire detection networks
Climate-smart agriculture and water management
- Climate-smart agriculture and water management technologies can help enhance food and water security in the face of climate change
- Precision agriculture techniques, such as drip irrigation and soil moisture sensors, can improve water use efficiency and crop productivity
- Drought-resistant crop varieties and improved water storage and distribution systems can help communities adapt to changing climate conditions and reduce the risk of resource-related conflicts
Key Terms to Review (28)
Arctic Region: The Arctic Region is a polar area located at the northernmost part of the Earth, encompassing the Arctic Ocean and surrounding land masses including parts of Canada, Russia, Greenland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, and the United States. This region is characterized by extreme cold, sea ice cover, and unique ecosystems, making it particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.
Ban Ki-moon: Ban Ki-moon is a South Korean diplomat who served as the 8th Secretary-General of the United Nations from 2007 to 2016. During his tenure, he focused on global issues such as climate change, sustainable development, and human rights, emphasizing the importance of international cooperation to tackle pressing global challenges.
Climate adaptation: Climate adaptation refers to the process of adjusting to current or expected changes in climate, aiming to reduce vulnerability and enhance resilience in communities and ecosystems. It involves implementing strategies and practices that enable societies to cope with the impacts of climate change, such as rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and changing agricultural conditions. Successful adaptation can help mitigate risks and improve overall quality of life while promoting sustainability.
Climate diplomacy: Climate diplomacy refers to the international efforts and negotiations aimed at addressing global climate change through cooperative agreements and policies. It involves countries working together to create frameworks that promote sustainable practices, mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, and enhance climate resilience. This collaborative approach is essential for effective climate change mitigation, fostering security in the face of climate impacts, and ensuring equitable outcomes for all nations involved.
Climate governance: Climate governance refers to the frameworks, policies, and practices that guide the management of climate change and its impacts at various levels, including local, national, and international. It involves coordinating actions among governments, businesses, and civil society to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to climate-related challenges. Effective climate governance is essential for addressing climate security, as it shapes the response to potential threats posed by climate change on social, economic, and political stability.
Climate migration: Climate migration refers to the movement of people who are forced to leave their homes and communities due to the impacts of climate change, such as extreme weather events, sea-level rise, and environmental degradation. This phenomenon is increasingly recognized as a significant global issue, with implications for security, governance, and human rights as populations are displaced and seek refuge elsewhere.
Climate refugees: Climate refugees are individuals or groups of people who are forced to leave their homes due to sudden or gradual changes in their environment caused by climate change. These changes can include rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and long-term shifts in climate patterns, which threaten their livelihoods and safety. The issue of climate refugees connects deeply with the need for effective climate change mitigation strategies, international climate diplomacy, considerations of climate security, the moral implications of displacement, and the broader discussions surrounding climate justice.
Climate resilience: Climate resilience refers to the ability of a system, community, or environment to anticipate, prepare for, respond to, and recover from the impacts of climate change. This concept emphasizes the importance of adaptive capacity and sustainability in mitigating adverse effects, enabling populations to maintain functionality despite climate-related challenges. By focusing on enhancing resilience, efforts can lead to more sustainable practices that protect vulnerable regions from extreme weather events and other climate-induced disruptions.
Desertification: Desertification is the process by which fertile land becomes increasingly arid and unproductive, often due to factors such as climate change, deforestation, and unsustainable agricultural practices. This transformation leads to the degradation of land, making it unable to support vegetation or crops, which poses significant challenges for food security and ecological balance. The impacts of desertification extend beyond local ecosystems, influencing regional stability and contributing to broader climate security concerns.
Displacement: Displacement refers to the forced movement of people from their home or habitual residence, often due to external factors such as conflict, environmental changes, or socio-economic pressures. This term captures the complexity of individuals and communities losing their homes and the subsequent challenges they face in resettlement or integration. Displacement can lead to significant social and political implications, affecting stateless nations, climate security, and urban environments undergoing rapid gentrification.
Environmental Determinism: Environmental determinism is the theory that natural environments, such as climate and geography, significantly shape human behavior, culture, and societal development. This perspective suggests that physical surroundings constrain or influence the choices and actions of societies, often leading to varying levels of advancement based on environmental factors. It has played a role in understanding geopolitics and security issues related to how human societies adapt to their physical landscapes.
Food Insecurity: Food insecurity refers to the lack of consistent access to enough food for an active, healthy life. It encompasses both the physical unavailability of food and the inability to acquire food due to financial constraints, which can be exacerbated by factors such as climate change, economic instability, and social inequality.
Global governance institutions: Global governance institutions are organizations and frameworks that establish rules, norms, and cooperation among countries to address global challenges and manage international affairs. They play a crucial role in promoting collaboration on issues that transcend national borders, such as climate change, security, and trade. These institutions facilitate dialogue and collective action, ensuring that countries work together to tackle pressing global problems effectively.
Green Climate Fund: The Green Climate Fund is a global fund established to assist developing countries in their efforts to respond to climate change by supporting projects that promote low-emission and climate-resilient development. It plays a critical role in mobilizing funding and resources to help these countries adapt to climate impacts, transition to renewable energy sources, and implement sustainable practices. By providing financial support, the fund aims to bridge the gap between developed and developing nations in addressing climate change challenges.
Human Security: Human security refers to the protection of individuals' rights and freedoms, emphasizing their well-being and safety rather than focusing solely on state security. It encompasses various dimensions, including economic, food, health, environmental, personal, community, and political security, aiming to ensure that people can live free from fear and want. This concept highlights the importance of addressing threats posed by issues like poverty, violence, and environmental degradation in order to achieve lasting peace and stability.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is a scientific body established by the United Nations to assess the state of knowledge on climate change, its impacts, and potential adaptation and mitigation strategies. It plays a crucial role in informing international climate policy and guiding governments in addressing the challenges posed by climate change, thus directly influencing discussions about climate security.
Naomi Klein: Naomi Klein is a Canadian author, journalist, and social activist known for her critical analysis of corporate globalization and its impact on society and the environment. Her work often explores the intersection of capitalism and climate change, highlighting how economic systems can exacerbate environmental crises, particularly in the context of climate security.
National Security Implications: National security implications refer to the potential consequences that certain events, policies, or situations can have on a nation's ability to protect its citizens, maintain sovereignty, and ensure territorial integrity. These implications can arise from various factors, including environmental changes, geopolitical shifts, and socio-economic challenges, highlighting the interconnections between national security and broader global issues.
Paris Agreement: The Paris Agreement is an international treaty that aims to address climate change and its impacts, adopted in December 2015 and entered into force in November 2016. It brings together nearly all countries to commit to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius, and pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.
Political ecology: Political ecology is an interdisciplinary framework that examines the relationships between political, economic, and social factors and environmental issues. It emphasizes how power dynamics and governance structures shape environmental policies and practices, highlighting the importance of understanding ecological concerns within their political contexts. This approach reveals the ways in which environmental degradation and resource distribution are often tied to issues of justice and security.
Resource conflicts: Resource conflicts arise when competing groups or nations vie for access to limited natural resources, often leading to tensions, disputes, and violence. These conflicts can be exacerbated by factors such as climate change, population growth, and economic disparities, making the management of resources a critical aspect of both diplomacy and security efforts on a global scale.
Sea-level rise: Sea-level rise refers to the increase in the average level of the world's oceans, primarily driven by two main factors: the melting of ice sheets and glaciers, and the thermal expansion of seawater as it warms. This phenomenon poses significant risks to coastal communities, ecosystems, and global security, as it can lead to increased flooding, loss of habitat, and displacement of populations.
Sub-Saharan Africa: Sub-Saharan Africa refers to the region of the African continent that lies south of the Sahara Desert, encompassing a diverse range of cultures, languages, and ecosystems. This area is characterized by its unique climatic conditions, which significantly influence its agricultural practices, water resources, and overall environmental stability. Understanding Sub-Saharan Africa is crucial for analyzing its geopolitical dynamics, economic challenges, and climate security issues.
Sustainable development: Sustainable development refers to a holistic approach to growth that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This concept emphasizes the interconnection between economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental protection, ensuring that progress does not deplete natural resources or harm ecosystems.
Threat multiplier: A threat multiplier refers to a factor that exacerbates existing vulnerabilities, making a situation more dangerous or complex. In the context of climate security, this concept emphasizes how climate change can intensify resource scarcity, lead to social unrest, and increase the likelihood of conflict in already fragile regions. It underscores the interconnectedness of environmental issues and security concerns, highlighting how global warming can worsen political instability and human suffering.
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change: The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international treaty established in 1992 aimed at addressing the global challenge of climate change by stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. It provides a foundation for global climate negotiations and sets the framework for subsequent agreements, including the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement, focusing on collaboration between nations to combat climate change and its impacts.
Urban resilience planning: Urban resilience planning is the process of designing and implementing strategies that enhance a city's ability to withstand, adapt to, and recover from various stresses and shocks, including those induced by climate change. This approach focuses on building the capacity of urban areas to manage risks effectively, ensuring long-term sustainability and security for their inhabitants. By prioritizing infrastructure, community engagement, and environmental sustainability, urban resilience planning seeks to create more robust and adaptable cities.
Water insecurity: Water insecurity refers to the lack of reliable access to sufficient quantities of affordable and safe water for consumption and sanitation. This issue is not just about having water available; it encompasses challenges related to water quality, availability, and the ability of communities to manage their water resources effectively. The implications of water insecurity are profound, affecting health, economic stability, and the overall quality of life, particularly as climate change exacerbates existing water scarcity issues.