Climate change mitigation focuses on reducing greenhouse gas emissions to limit global warming. This involves transitioning to clean energy, improving efficiency, and implementing policies at various scales. Strategies include adoption, energy efficiency improvements, and mechanisms.
complements emissions reduction by removing CO2 from the atmosphere. Approaches include , soil carbon management, and carbon capture technologies. International agreements, national policies, and local actions all play crucial roles in coordinating global mitigation efforts.
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions
Climate change mitigation focuses on reducing greenhouse gas emissions to limit the extent of global warming and its associated impacts
Reducing emissions requires a multi-faceted approach, including transitioning to clean energy sources, improving energy efficiency, and implementing market-based mechanisms to incentivize emissions reductions
Efforts to reduce emissions must be undertaken at various scales, from international agreements to national policies, local initiatives, and individual actions
Renewable energy sources
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Renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal power generate electricity without emitting greenhouse gases
Increasing the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix can significantly reduce emissions from the power sector
Advances in technology and falling costs have made renewable energy increasingly competitive with fossil fuels (solar PV, onshore wind)
Challenges include intermittency, storage, and grid integration, requiring investments in infrastructure and energy storage solutions
Energy efficiency improvements
Energy efficiency involves using less energy to provide the same level of service or output
Improving energy efficiency in buildings, transportation, and industry can reduce energy demand and associated emissions
Examples include high-efficiency appliances, LED lighting, building insulation, and fuel-efficient vehicles
Energy efficiency measures often have co-benefits such as cost savings, improved air quality, and enhanced energy security
Carbon pricing mechanisms
Carbon pricing puts a price on greenhouse gas emissions, creating incentives for emissions reductions
Two main approaches are , which set a price per unit of emissions, and systems, which establish a market for emissions allowances
Carbon pricing can encourage the adoption of cleaner technologies and practices, and generate revenue for climate mitigation and adaptation efforts
Challenges include ensuring the price is high enough to drive meaningful emissions reductions, addressing competitiveness concerns, and ensuring equitable distribution of costs and benefits
Carbon sequestration strategies
Carbon sequestration involves removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and storing it in long-term reservoirs
Sequestration strategies can complement emissions reduction efforts by offsetting residual emissions and potentially enabling negative emissions
Natural sequestration approaches include afforestation, , and soil carbon management, while technological approaches involve capturing and storing CO2 from point sources or directly from the air
Afforestation and reforestation
Afforestation involves planting trees on land that has not recently been forested, while reforestation involves replanting trees in previously forested areas
Forests act as carbon sinks, absorbing CO2 from the atmosphere through photosynthesis and storing it in biomass and soils
Afforestation and reforestation can also provide co-benefits such as habitat restoration, soil conservation, and improved water quality
Challenges include land availability, ensuring long-term forest management and protection, and accounting for carbon storage over time
Soil carbon sequestration
involves increasing the amount of carbon stored in agricultural soils through practices such as reduced tillage, cover cropping, and improved grazing management
Increasing soil organic matter can improve soil health, fertility, and water-holding capacity, while also removing CO2 from the atmosphere
Soil carbon sequestration has the potential to offset a significant portion of agricultural emissions, but the rate and duration of sequestration can vary depending on soil type, climate, and management practices
Challenges include ensuring the permanence of sequestered carbon, verifying and monitoring soil carbon changes, and incentivizing adoption of soil carbon management practices
Carbon capture and storage technology
(CCS) technology involves capturing CO2 from point sources such as power plants or industrial facilities and storing it in geological formations or through other means
CCS can enable the continued use of fossil fuels while reducing their emissions, potentially serving as a bridge to a low-carbon energy system
Storage options include depleted oil and gas reservoirs, deep saline aquifers, and mineralization in basalt formations
Challenges include high costs, energy penalties, limited storage capacity, and ensuring the long-term integrity and safety of stored CO2
International climate agreements
provide a framework for global cooperation and coordination on climate change mitigation and adaptation
These agreements set goals, establish reporting and review mechanisms, and provide support for developing countries to address climate change
The evolution of international climate agreements reflects the growing urgency and ambition of the global response to climate change
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
The (UNFCCC) was established in 1992 as the primary international treaty to address climate change
The UNFCCC sets the ultimate objective of stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system
The Convention establishes principles such as common but differentiated responsibilities, and provides a framework for international cooperation on climate change mitigation, adaptation, and support
Kyoto Protocol
The , adopted in 1997, was the first legally binding international agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
The Protocol set emission reduction targets for developed countries (Annex I Parties) for the period 2008-2012, with an average reduction of 5% below 1990 levels
The Protocol introduced market-based mechanisms such as emissions trading, the Clean Development Mechanism, and Joint Implementation to provide flexibility in meeting targets
Limitations of the Kyoto Protocol included the lack of participation by some major emitters (United States) and the absence of emission reduction commitments for developing countries
Paris Agreement
The , adopted in 2015, marks a significant shift in the global approach to climate change, with all countries committing to contribute to emissions reductions
The Agreement aims to keep the global temperature rise well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C
Countries submit Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) outlining their emission reduction targets and actions, with a mechanism for progressively increasing ambition over time
The Agreement also addresses adaptation, finance, technology transfer, capacity building, and transparency, and emphasizes the importance of climate justice and
National climate policies
National climate policies are the primary means by which countries implement their commitments under international agreements and pursue their own climate objectives
These policies can take various forms, including emissions reduction targets, clean energy incentives, carbon pricing, and sector-specific regulations and standards
Effective national climate policies require a coherent and integrated approach, taking into account economic, social, and environmental considerations
Emissions reduction targets
Many countries have set national targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, often expressed as a percentage reduction below a base year level by a certain date
Targets can be economy-wide or sector-specific, and can be legally binding or aspirational
Examples include the European Union's target of reducing emissions by at least 55% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels, and China's goal of peaking emissions before 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality by 2060
Challenges in setting and achieving emissions reduction targets include ensuring they are ambitious enough to meet global climate goals, while also being feasible and cost-effective
Clean energy incentives
Governments can provide incentives to encourage the deployment of clean energy technologies, such as renewable energy and energy efficiency
Incentives can take the form of subsidies, tax credits, feed-in tariffs, or renewable portfolio standards
Examples include the United States' Production Tax Credit for wind energy and Investment Tax Credit for solar energy, and Germany's feed-in tariff program for renewable energy
Clean energy incentives can help overcome market barriers, reduce costs, and accelerate the transition to a low-carbon energy system, but must be designed carefully to ensure effectiveness and avoid unintended consequences
Carbon taxes vs cap-and-trade systems
Carbon taxes and cap-and-trade systems are two main approaches to carbon pricing, which aims to internalize the external costs of greenhouse gas emissions
A carbon tax sets a price per unit of emissions, providing a clear price signal and incentive for emissions reductions, but not guaranteeing a specific level of emissions
A cap-and-trade system sets a limit on total emissions and allows trading of emission allowances, providing certainty on the level of emissions but with a variable price signal
Examples of carbon taxes include Sweden's carbon tax, introduced in 1991, and Canada's federal carbon pricing system, while examples of cap-and-trade systems include the European Union Emissions Trading System and the California Cap-and-Trade Program
The choice between a carbon tax and a cap-and-trade system depends on factors such as policy objectives, political feasibility, and interaction with other policies
Role of local governments
Local governments play a crucial role in climate change mitigation, as many of the decisions that affect emissions and resilience are made at the local level
Cities and regions can take action in areas such as urban planning, transportation, buildings, waste management, and energy supply
Local climate action can complement and accelerate national and international efforts, while also delivering co-benefits such as improved air quality, public health, and economic development
Urban planning and transportation
Urban planning decisions, such as land use zoning, density, and mixed-use development, can significantly influence emissions from transportation and buildings
Compact, mixed-use, and transit-oriented development can reduce the need for personal vehicle travel and associated emissions, while also improving accessibility and livability
Sustainable transportation options, such as public transit, cycling, and walking, can be promoted through investments in infrastructure, incentives, and education
Examples include Curitiba, Brazil's integrated land use and bus rapid transit system, and Copenhagen, Denmark's extensive cycling network and pedestrian-friendly urban design
Building codes and energy standards
Local governments can adopt and enforce building codes and energy standards to improve the energy efficiency of new and existing buildings
Building codes can require minimum levels of insulation, efficient heating and cooling systems, and renewable energy integration, while energy standards can set performance targets for appliances and equipment
Retrofitting existing buildings for energy efficiency can also deliver significant emissions reductions, along with cost savings and improved comfort for occupants
Examples include New York City's Climate Mobilization Act, which requires large buildings to meet progressively stringent energy efficiency standards, and California's Title 24 Building Energy Efficiency Standards, which have been a model for other jurisdictions
Community-based initiatives
Local governments can support and facilitate community-based initiatives that engage citizens in climate action and build social capital
Community-based initiatives can include neighborhood-scale renewable energy projects, urban agriculture, and local food systems, waste reduction and recycling programs, and climate change education and outreach
Participatory processes, such as community visioning and planning, can help build support for climate action and ensure that the benefits and costs of the transition are equitably distributed
Examples include the Transition Towns movement, which empowers communities to develop local resilience and reduce their carbon footprint, and the Portland Clean Energy Community Benefits Fund, which invests in community-led renewable energy, energy efficiency, and green infrastructure projects
Individual and corporate responsibility
While government policies and actions are essential for addressing climate change, individual and corporate responsibility also play a critical role in driving emissions reductions and supporting the transition to a low-carbon economy
Individuals can contribute to climate mitigation through their consumption choices, energy use, transportation habits, and political and social engagement
Corporations have a responsibility to reduce their own emissions, influence their supply chains, and support the development and deployment of clean technologies
Sustainable consumption patterns
Individual consumption choices, such as diet, housing, and transportation, can have a significant impact on greenhouse gas emissions
Adopting a plant-based diet, reducing food waste, and choosing local and seasonal produce can lower the carbon footprint of food consumption
Energy-efficient homes, appliances, and personal vehicles, as well as conservation behaviors, can reduce emissions from housing and transportation
Choosing products and services with lower embodied emissions, such as those made from recycled materials or with minimal packaging, can also support sustainable consumption
Education and awareness campaigns can help individuals understand the climate impacts of their choices and encourage more sustainable lifestyles
Corporate sustainability practices
Corporations can integrate sustainability into their business strategies, operations, and value chains to reduce their environmental impact and contribute to climate change mitigation
Setting science-based emissions reduction targets, investing in energy efficiency and renewable energy, and implementing circular economy principles can help companies decarbonize their operations
Engaging suppliers and customers to reduce emissions and develop sustainable products and services can extend a company's impact beyond its own boundaries
Disclosing climate-related risks and opportunities, and aligning business practices with the goals of the Paris Agreement, can demonstrate corporate leadership and accountability
Examples include Unilever's Sustainable Living Plan, which aims to decouple the company's growth from its environmental footprint, and Patagonia's commitment to using recycled materials and supporting environmental activism
Climate change education and awareness
Education and awareness are essential for building public understanding and support for climate action, and empowering individuals to make informed choices and engage in climate solutions
Integrating climate change into school curricula, from primary to tertiary education, can help prepare the next generation to address the challenges and opportunities of a changing climate
Public outreach and communication campaigns, using diverse media and messengers, can raise awareness of climate impacts and solutions, and motivate behavior change
Engaging trusted community leaders, such as faith leaders, health professionals, and business leaders, can help reach diverse audiences and build broad-based support for climate action
Examples include the Alliance for Climate Education, which provides climate science education to high school students, and the Yale Program on Climate Change Communication, which conducts research and outreach on public climate change knowledge, attitudes, and behavior
Climate change adaptation measures
While climate change mitigation aims to reduce the causes of climate change, adaptation focuses on adjusting to the impacts of a changing climate
Adaptation measures can help reduce the vulnerability of natural and human systems to climate risks, and build resilience to withstand and recover from climate-related shocks and stresses
Effective adaptation requires a combination of infrastructure, institutional, and ecosystem-based approaches, tailored to the specific needs and contexts of different communities and sectors
Infrastructure resilience
Climate-resilient infrastructure can help protect communities and economies from the impacts of extreme weather events, sea-level rise, and other climate risks
Resilient infrastructure design can include features such as elevated buildings, flood barriers, stormwater management systems, and heat-resistant materials
Retrofitting existing infrastructure, such as bridges, roads, and power grids, can also improve their resilience to climate impacts
Examples include the Netherlands' Delta Works, a series of dams, sluices, and storm surge barriers that protect against flooding, and New York City's Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines, which provide guidance for incorporating climate risk into the design of municipal capital projects
Disaster risk management
Effective disaster risk management can help reduce the impacts of climate-related disasters, such as hurricanes, floods, and wildfires, and support rapid recovery and reconstruction
Disaster risk management includes measures such as early warning systems, emergency response plans, and risk transfer mechanisms like insurance
Community-based disaster risk reduction, which engages local communities in identifying and addressing their own risks, can build social resilience and empower vulnerable populations
Examples include Bangladesh's Cyclone Preparedness Program, which has trained thousands of volunteers to provide early warnings and assist with evacuation and relief efforts, and the Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility, which provides parametric insurance coverage to Caribbean governments for hurricane and earthquake risks
Ecosystem-based adaptation approaches
Ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) involves using biodiversity and ecosystem services to help people adapt to the impacts of climate change
EbA approaches can include measures such as restoring wetlands and coastal ecosystems to buffer against storm surges and sea-level rise, planting trees and vegetation to reduce urban heat island effects, and managing forests and watersheds to regulate water flows and prevent landslides
EbA can provide multiple co-benefits, such as biodiversity conservation, carbon sequestration, and improved livelihoods for local communities
Examples include the Mekong Delta's mangrove restoration project, which has protected coastal communities from typhoons and storm surges while also providing habitat for fisheries and sequestering carbon, and the Green Belt Movement in Kenya, which has planted millions of trees to restore degraded landscapes and improve the resilience of smallholder farmers to climate variability and change
Challenges in implementing mitigation strategies
Despite the urgency and potential benefits of climate change mitigation, implementing effective strategies faces a range of challenges and barriers
These challenges include political and economic factors, equity and social justice concerns, and technological limitations and uncertainties
Overcoming these challenges requires a combination of political leadership, stakeholder engagement, innovative policies and financing mechanisms, and sustained investment in research and development
Political and economic barriers
Political barriers to climate action can include lack of political will, vested interests in the fossil fuel industry, and ideological opposition to government intervention in markets
Economic barriers can include the perceived costs of mitigation measures, concerns about competitiveness and job losses in carbon-intensive industries, and the difficulty of pricing the social cost of carbon
Overcoming these barriers may require building broad-based coalitions for climate action, implementing policies that provide a just transition for affected workers and communities, and mobilizing public and private finance for low-carbon investments
Examples of political and economic barriers include the United States' withdrawal from the Paris Agreement under the Trump administration, and the ongoing subsidies and public finance for fossil fuel production and consumption in many countries
Equity and social justice concerns
Climate change mitigation strategies can have uneven impacts on different social groups and communities, raising concerns about equity and social justice
For example, carbon pricing policies can be regressive, placing a disproportionate burden on low-income households, while the benefits of clean energy technologies may accrue primarily to higher-income consumers
Mitigation strategies that do not address these distributional impacts can exacerbate existing inequalities and undermine public support for climate action
Incorporating equity and social justice considerations into the design and implementation of mitigation policies, such as through targeted subsidies, tax credits, or community benefit agreements, can help ensure a just and inclusive transition to a low-carbon economy
Examples of equity and social justice concerns include the Yellow Vests movement in France, which protested against a proposed fuel tax increase that was seen as disproportionately affecting rural and low-income households, and the movement in the United States, which
Key Terms to Review (25)
Afforestation: Afforestation is the process of planting trees in an area that has not been forested for a significant period of time. This practice aims to create new forests and is a crucial strategy for enhancing carbon sequestration, combating climate change, and restoring ecosystems. By increasing tree cover, afforestation can contribute to environmental health, biodiversity, and sustainable land management.
Al Gore: Al Gore is an American politician, environmental activist, and former Vice President known for his efforts in raising awareness about climate change and advocating for climate change mitigation strategies. His work has significantly influenced public discourse on environmental issues, particularly through initiatives like 'The Climate Reality Project' and the documentary 'An Inconvenient Truth', which aim to educate people on the urgent need to address global warming.
Cap-and-trade: Cap-and-trade is an environmental policy tool designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by setting a limit (cap) on emissions and allowing companies to buy and sell allowances (trade) for those emissions. This system encourages businesses to innovate and invest in cleaner technologies since companies that reduce their emissions can sell their excess allowances to those that need more time to comply with the cap. It combines regulatory oversight with market-based mechanisms, making it a key strategy for climate change mitigation.
Carbon capture and storage: Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a technology designed to capture carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions produced from the use of fossil fuels in electricity generation and industrial processes, preventing the CO2 from entering the atmosphere. This process involves capturing CO2 at its source, transporting it to a storage site, and then depositing it underground in geological formations for long-term containment. CCS plays a critical role in efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate climate change impacts.
Carbon pricing: Carbon pricing is an economic strategy aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions by assigning a cost to carbon emissions, encouraging businesses and individuals to reduce their carbon footprint. This approach seeks to internalize the environmental costs associated with carbon emissions, promoting sustainable practices and investment in renewable energy technologies. By putting a price on carbon, it aims to create financial incentives for emission reductions, which ties closely to the broader goals of environmental sustainability and equity in climate action.
Carbon sequestration: Carbon sequestration refers to the process of capturing and storing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) in order to mitigate climate change. This method helps reduce the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere, which is a major greenhouse gas contributing to global warming. Effective carbon sequestration plays a crucial role in strategies aimed at decreasing greenhouse gas emissions and stabilizing climate systems.
Carbon taxes: Carbon taxes are financial charges imposed on companies or individuals based on the amount of carbon dioxide emissions they produce. This approach is designed to encourage reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and promote cleaner energy sources, making it a vital tool in climate change mitigation efforts. By increasing the cost of carbon-intensive activities, carbon taxes incentivize businesses to adopt more sustainable practices and invest in renewable energy technologies.
Climate adaptation: Climate adaptation refers to the process of adjusting to current or expected changes in climate, aiming to reduce vulnerability and enhance resilience in communities and ecosystems. It involves implementing strategies and practices that enable societies to cope with the impacts of climate change, such as rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and changing agricultural conditions. Successful adaptation can help mitigate risks and improve overall quality of life while promoting sustainability.
Climate diplomacy: Climate diplomacy refers to the international efforts and negotiations aimed at addressing global climate change through cooperative agreements and policies. It involves countries working together to create frameworks that promote sustainable practices, mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, and enhance climate resilience. This collaborative approach is essential for effective climate change mitigation, fostering security in the face of climate impacts, and ensuring equitable outcomes for all nations involved.
Climate refugees: Climate refugees are individuals or groups of people who are forced to leave their homes due to sudden or gradual changes in their environment caused by climate change. These changes can include rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and long-term shifts in climate patterns, which threaten their livelihoods and safety. The issue of climate refugees connects deeply with the need for effective climate change mitigation strategies, international climate diplomacy, considerations of climate security, the moral implications of displacement, and the broader discussions surrounding climate justice.
Community resilience: Community resilience refers to the ability of a community to prepare for, respond to, and recover from adverse events, including natural disasters, economic challenges, or social upheaval. This concept emphasizes the importance of social networks, local resources, and collective action in strengthening the capacity of communities to withstand and adapt to changes or crises. Building community resilience is crucial in addressing issues like climate change, informal settlements, and the integration of marginalized groups within urban areas.
Environmental Degradation: Environmental degradation refers to the deterioration of the natural environment due to human activities, leading to the depletion of natural resources, loss of biodiversity, and disruption of ecosystem services. It encompasses issues like pollution, deforestation, soil erosion, and climate change, all of which significantly impact the planet's health. Addressing environmental degradation is crucial for climate change mitigation efforts, as a healthy environment is essential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to changing climatic conditions.
Environmental Justice: Environmental justice refers to the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people in environmental decision-making, regardless of race, color, national origin, or income. It emphasizes that all communities deserve equal protection from environmental hazards and equal access to the benefits of environmental policies and initiatives. This concept is crucial in addressing disparities in how various populations are affected by environmental issues, particularly in the context of climate change and its mitigation efforts.
Greta Thunberg: Greta Thunberg is a Swedish environmental activist known for her efforts to combat climate change, particularly through her 'Fridays for Future' movement. She gained international recognition for her direct and impactful speeches addressing world leaders about the urgency of climate action, inspiring millions to advocate for sustainable practices and policies.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is a United Nations body established to provide policymakers with regular scientific assessments on climate change, its impacts, and potential adaptation and mitigation strategies. The IPCC synthesizes research from thousands of scientists globally, helping to inform and guide international climate policy and action.
International climate agreements: International climate agreements are treaties or accords between countries aimed at addressing climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting sustainable practices. These agreements play a crucial role in global efforts to mitigate climate change, fostering cooperation among nations to set targets, share technologies, and finance adaptation and mitigation strategies.
Kyoto Protocol: The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty that commits its parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the premise that global warming exists and human-made CO2 emissions have caused it. Adopted in 1997, it represents a significant step in climate change mitigation efforts and sets legally binding obligations for developed countries to limit their emissions. This treaty highlights the global cooperation necessary for addressing climate issues, emphasizing equity and fairness among nations.
Local Climate Plans: Local climate plans are strategic frameworks developed by municipalities to address the impacts of climate change while promoting sustainability and resilience within their communities. These plans often outline specific actions, policies, and initiatives aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, enhancing adaptive capacity, and integrating climate considerations into local governance and development processes.
Paris Agreement: The Paris Agreement is an international treaty that aims to address climate change and its impacts, adopted in December 2015 and entered into force in November 2016. It brings together nearly all countries to commit to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius, and pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.
Reforestation: Reforestation is the process of replanting trees in areas where forests have been depleted or destroyed, often due to human activity or natural disasters. This practice is vital for restoring ecosystems, enhancing biodiversity, and combating climate change by sequestering carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. It plays a crucial role in environmental restoration and improving air quality.
Renewable energy: Renewable energy refers to energy derived from natural sources that are replenished at a faster rate than they are consumed. This includes sources like solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal power. The importance of renewable energy is highlighted in the context of shifting global energy policies and addressing environmental concerns, particularly as nations seek to reduce their reliance on fossil fuels and mitigate climate change impacts.
Soil carbon sequestration: Soil carbon sequestration is the process of capturing and storing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) in the soil through various practices, enhancing soil health and fertility while mitigating climate change. This occurs when carbon from organic matter, like plants and microbes, becomes incorporated into the soil, which can lead to improved soil structure, increased biodiversity, and enhanced resilience against climate variability.
Sustainable development: Sustainable development refers to a holistic approach to growth that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This concept emphasizes the interconnection between economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental protection, ensuring that progress does not deplete natural resources or harm ecosystems.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international treaty aimed at addressing climate change and its impacts through cooperation among nations. Established in 1992, the convention sets a framework for negotiating specific protocols that aim to limit greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate climate change effects. This treaty plays a crucial role in facilitating global efforts to combat climate change and address issues related to environmental sustainability, impacting areas like migration patterns and adaptation strategies for communities affected by climate-related challenges.
World Resources Institute (WRI): The World Resources Institute (WRI) is a global research organization that focuses on sustainable natural resource management and addressing environmental challenges. WRI works to promote sustainable development through data-driven insights, aiming to influence policy and practice to create a more sustainable world. Its efforts in climate change mitigation help shape initiatives that support effective action against climate change while encouraging sustainable practices across various sectors.