2.3 Introduction to Memory

Memory is a complex cognitive process involving different types and systems. From explicit memories of events to implicit procedural skills, our brains store and retrieve information through various mechanisms. Understanding these processes helps us grasp how we learn and remember.

The study of memory explores models like working memory and multi-store systems. It also examines how information is encoded at different levels, from surface features to deep semantic meanings. These concepts shed light on how our minds organize and access the vast array of information we encounter daily.

Types and processes of memory

Differentiation of memory types

Memory can be broadly categorized into explicit and implicit types, each serving different functions in our cognitive processes.

Explicit memory are things we consciously remember:

• Episodic memory (personal experiences
• Semantic memory (general knowledge and facts)

Implicit memory are things we remember without thinking about it:

• Procedural memory for learned skills
• Conditioning and priming effects

There's also prospective memory, which helps us remember future tasks and intentions, like appointments or errands.

Long-term potentiation process

Long-term potentiation (LTP) is how memory gets wired into our brains at a cellular level. This process occurs when neurons repeatedly fire together, strengthening their connections.

Key aspects of LTP include:

• Enhanced synaptic transmission between connected neurons
• Increased efficiency in neural pathways
• Structural changes in synapses that support long-term memory storage

These changes help us store and retrieve information over long periods

Working memory model components

The working memory model describes how we temporarily store and manipulate information. At its center is the central executive, which coordinates all other components.

Supporting components include:

• Phonological loop for verbal information
• Visuospatial sketchpad for visual and spatial data
• Episodic buffer that integrates information from multiple sources

Each component has limited capacity but works together to process incoming information efficiently.

Multi-store model systems

Information flows through three distinct memory stores, each with specific characteristics and functions.

Sensory Memory, the initial gateway:

• Holds raw sensory input briefly
• Includes iconic (visual) and echoic (auditory) memory
• Lasts only fractions of a second

Short-term memory, temporary workspace:

• Limited capacity (7±2 items)
• Duration of 20-30 seconds without rehearsal

Long-term memory, for extended periods:

• Virtually unlimited capacity
• Potential lifetime duration
• Multiple types of information storage

How info moves through these stores depends on processing types:

• Automatic processing (requires minimal attention)
• Effortful processing (demands conscious focus)

So, think you'll have all the AP Psych terms stored in your memory by exam day?

Levels of processing model

Information can be encoded at different depths, affecting how well it is remembered. The deeper the processing, the stronger the memory formation.

Three main processing levels:

1. Structural (physical features, short-lived memories)
2. Phonemic (sound patterns, moderately strong memories)
3. Semantic (meaning and associations, strongest memories)

When you are studying, try connecting topics in these ways. Listen to music or put terms to a song to tap into phonemic processing. Or create associations between words or experiences to unlock semantic processing

The effectiveness of memory encoding depends on:

• The depth of initial processing
• Personal relevance of the information
• Amount of elaboration during encoding
• Connections made to existing knowledge