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US History – 1945 to Present
Table of Contents
Unit 17 Overview: Trump Era: Populism and Foreign Policy
17.1 2016 Election and Rise of Populism
17.2 Domestic Policy: Tax Cuts and Immigration
17.3 Foreign Policy: "America First" and Trade Wars
17.4 COVID-19 Pandemic and Social Unrest

The COVID-19 pandemic hit the US hard in 2020, exposing weaknesses in the healthcare system and government response. Trump's administration faced criticism for downplaying the virus, promoting unproven treatments, and struggling to coordinate an effective national strategy.

The pandemic also highlighted existing social issues, sparking racial justice protests after George Floyd's death. Social media amplified both misinformation and activism, while challenges to democratic norms and institutions intensified political divisions across the country.

The COVID-19 Pandemic

Trump administration's pandemic response

  • Initial downplaying of the virus
    • Compared COVID-19 to the seasonal flu suggesting it was less severe
    • Claimed the situation was under control despite growing case numbers
  • Delayed response and lack of coordination
    • Provided insufficient testing and contact tracing to contain the spread
    • Faced shortages of personal protective equipment (PPE) for healthcare workers
  • Promotion of unproven treatments and misinformation
    • Touted hydroxychloroquine as a potential cure without scientific evidence
    • Suggested injecting disinfectants as a treatment during a press conference
  • Economic impact
    • Led to widespread business closures and job losses (22 million jobs lost)
    • Caused significant stock market volatility with the S&P 500 falling 34%
    • Required stimulus packages and relief efforts (CARES Act, Paycheck Protection Program)
  • Public health consequences
    • Resulted in high infection rates (over 20 million cases) and death toll (350,000+ deaths)
    • Strained the healthcare system with overcrowded hospitals and exhausted medical staff
    • Had a disproportionate impact on marginalized communities (African Americans, Latinos, Native Americans)

Social Unrest and Political Challenges

Racial justice protests and systemic racism

  • George Floyd's death and the role of police brutality
    • Ignited nationwide outrage after video footage showed a police officer kneeling on Floyd's neck
    • Sparked protests and demonstrations in cities across the country (Minneapolis, New York, Los Angeles)
  • Black Lives Matter movement
    • Amplified calls for police reform and accountability in the use of force
    • Demanded action to address systemic racism in various aspects of society
  • Broader conversations about racial inequity
    • Highlighted wealth and income disparities between white and black households
    • Emphasized unequal educational and employment opportunities based on race
    • Called for reforms to the criminal justice system (sentencing disparities, mass incarceration)

Social media's impact on discourse

  • Spread of misinformation and conspiracy theories
    • Facilitated the spread of COVID-19 related misinformation (5G conspiracy theories)
    • Amplified baseless claims of election fraud undermining trust in the democratic process
  • Echo chambers and filter bubbles
    • Reinforced pre-existing beliefs by exposing users to content aligned with their views
    • Limited exposure to diverse perspectives contributing to increased polarization
  • Amplification of extreme views and divisive rhetoric
    • Enabled the spread of polarizing content and political tribalism (us vs. them mentality)
    • Contributed to the erosion of trust in mainstream media and institutions

Challenges to democratic norms

  • Attacks on the free press
    • Promoted a "fake news" narrative to discredit critical reporting
    • Attempted to undermine journalists and media outlets (CNN, New York Times)
  • Erosion of trust in elections
    • Made unsubstantiated claims of widespread voter fraud without evidence
    • Sought to overturn election results and challenge the peaceful transfer of power
  • Executive branch overreach
    • Relied heavily on executive orders to bypass the legislative process
    • Fired inspectors general and retaliated against whistleblowers (Lt. Col. Alexander Vindman)
  • Strain on the system of checks and balances
    • Refused to comply with congressional oversight investigations (impeachment inquiry)
    • Challenged the independence of the judiciary by criticizing judges and court rulings

Key Terms to Review (32)

Systemic racism: Systemic racism refers to the institutional policies and practices that create and perpetuate racial inequalities across various aspects of society, including education, healthcare, criminal justice, and employment. It operates through entrenched biases and structural disadvantages that disproportionately affect racial and ethnic minorities, leading to disparities in wealth, opportunities, and overall quality of life. This form of racism is often subtle and embedded in societal norms, making it challenging to recognize and dismantle.
Misinformation: Misinformation refers to false or misleading information that is spread regardless of intent to deceive. It can take many forms, including rumors, inaccurate statistics, and misrepresented facts, and it often proliferates rapidly through social media and other digital platforms. In recent events, misinformation has played a significant role in shaping public perceptions and responses during crises, particularly during health emergencies and social movements.
5G Conspiracy Theories: 5G conspiracy theories are a collection of beliefs suggesting that the rollout of 5G wireless technology is linked to various harmful outcomes, including health risks and societal control. These theories often claim that 5G technology is responsible for the spread of COVID-19, despite a lack of scientific evidence supporting such claims. They tap into broader fears regarding technology and government surveillance, revealing anxieties about modern advancements in communication.
Voter fraud: Voter fraud refers to illegal actions intended to interfere with the electoral process, including casting false ballots or impersonating another voter. This term gained significant attention during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, as social unrest and heightened political tensions led to accusations and debates about election integrity, especially with the increased use of mail-in ballots and early voting options implemented to reduce virus transmission.
Erosion of trust in elections: Erosion of trust in elections refers to the declining confidence that citizens have in the integrity, fairness, and reliability of the electoral process. This phenomenon can lead to increased political polarization, lower voter turnout, and challenges to the legitimacy of elected officials, especially during times of crisis such as public health emergencies or social unrest.
Checks and balances: Checks and balances is a system that ensures that no one branch of government becomes too powerful by providing each branch with the means to limit the actions of the others. This framework promotes accountability and transparency, as it requires cooperation and negotiation among branches to enact laws and policies. In the context of recent events, the interplay between different levels of government has been crucial in addressing crises like the COVID-19 pandemic and social unrest, where rapid decisions and actions had to be balanced against civil liberties and public safety.
Racial justice protests: Racial justice protests are organized demonstrations aimed at addressing and combating racial inequality, discrimination, and police brutality, particularly against marginalized communities. These protests have gained significant momentum in recent years, especially in response to high-profile incidents of violence and systemic injustice, connecting with broader movements advocating for social and economic equity.
Executive branch overreach: Executive branch overreach refers to actions taken by the executive branch of government that exceed its constitutional or statutory authority. This concept is significant in discussions about the balance of power among the branches of government, especially when executive actions are perceived as encroaching on legislative or judicial functions. During times of crisis, such as a pandemic or social unrest, executive branch overreach can become more pronounced as leaders seek to implement swift measures to address urgent issues.
Political Tribalism: Political tribalism is the tendency for individuals to align their political identities with specific groups, often leading to a strong in-group versus out-group mentality. This phenomenon can intensify during times of crisis, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, where differing opinions on health measures and government responses fueled division among various political and social groups, resulting in heightened tensions and social unrest.
George Floyd: George Floyd was an African American man whose death on May 25, 2020, during an arrest by Minneapolis police officers sparked widespread protests against police brutality and systemic racism. His death became a pivotal moment in the Black Lives Matter movement, which intensified discussions about racial injustice and police accountability, particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, where social tensions were heightened.
Police brutality: Police brutality refers to the use of excessive force, often physical, by law enforcement officers against individuals, which can result in serious injury or death. This term connects deeply to issues of systemic racism, civil rights, and the public's trust in law enforcement. The heightened scrutiny of police actions has been amplified during periods of social unrest, where communities demand accountability and reform in the face of violence and injustice.
Covid-19 pandemic: The covid-19 pandemic is a global health crisis caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, first identified in late 2019. This pandemic has led to widespread illness and death, overwhelming healthcare systems worldwide and prompting governments to implement various public health measures, including lockdowns and social distancing. Its impact extends beyond health, significantly affecting economies, social structures, and leading to heightened social unrest due to inequality and government response.
Paycheck protection program: The Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) was a loan initiative created under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act in 2020 aimed at helping small businesses keep their workforce employed during the COVID-19 pandemic. The program provided forgivable loans to small businesses to cover payroll costs, rent, utilities, and other essential expenses, thereby preventing layoffs and maintaining economic stability amid widespread uncertainty.
Black Lives Matter: Black Lives Matter is a social and political movement that advocates for the rights and dignity of Black individuals, particularly in response to systemic racism and police violence. The movement gained significant traction following high-profile incidents of police brutality against Black people, serving as a rallying cry for those seeking justice and equality. Its rise during the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the intersection of health disparities and racial injustice, amplifying calls for reform in multiple societal sectors.
CARES Act: The CARES Act, or the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act, is a significant piece of legislation enacted in March 2020 to provide economic relief in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was designed to support individuals, businesses, and healthcare providers affected by the pandemic through various financial measures, including direct payments to individuals, enhanced unemployment benefits, and small business loans. This act reflects the urgent need for government intervention during a time of unprecedented social and economic upheaval.
Trump Administration's Pandemic Response: The Trump Administration's pandemic response refers to the actions, policies, and decisions made by the U.S. government under President Donald Trump in addressing the COVID-19 pandemic from early 2020 onwards. This response included a mix of public health measures, economic policies, and communication strategies that faced significant scrutiny and controversy, particularly in relation to testing, healthcare infrastructure, and vaccine distribution.
Fake news: Fake news refers to misinformation and disinformation presented as legitimate news, often created to mislead or manipulate public opinion. It can take many forms, including fabricated stories, misleading headlines, or biased reporting, and has become increasingly prevalent with the rise of social media and the internet. The term gained significant traction in recent years, especially during major political events and crises, where it has impacted public trust in media and contributed to the polarization of society.
Anti-lockdown protests: Anti-lockdown protests are public demonstrations against government-imposed restrictions aimed at controlling the spread of COVID-19. These protests emerged during the pandemic as individuals and groups expressed their opposition to lockdown measures, arguing that such restrictions infringed on personal freedoms, economic stability, and mental health. The protests were often fueled by misinformation and a sense of distrust towards government authority, reflecting broader social tensions during a time of crisis.
Dr. Anthony Fauci: Dr. Anthony Fauci is an American physician and immunologist who has served as the Director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) since 1984. He became a prominent figure during the COVID-19 pandemic, providing critical guidance and information regarding the virus, public health measures, and vaccine development. His role highlighted the intersection of science, public health, and political dynamics during a time of widespread social unrest and debate over government responses to the pandemic.
Anxiety: Anxiety refers to a feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease about something with an uncertain outcome. It manifests in various ways, such as increased heart rate, restlessness, and an overwhelming sense of dread. During times of crisis, such as a pandemic or social unrest, anxiety can become amplified as individuals face uncertainty regarding their health, safety, and social stability.
Pandemic fatigue: Pandemic fatigue refers to the physical and mental exhaustion that individuals experience as a result of prolonged stress and uncertainty during a pandemic. It encompasses feelings of frustration, disillusionment, and disengagement due to the ongoing nature of health crises like COVID-19. This phenomenon can lead to decreased compliance with public health measures and increased social unrest as individuals struggle with the emotional toll of sustained restrictions and fears surrounding the virus.
Governor Andrew Cuomo: Andrew Cuomo served as the Governor of New York from 2011 to 2021, leading the state through significant events such as the COVID-19 pandemic and social unrest in 2020. His administration was marked by both praised leadership during the early days of the pandemic and later controversies related to his handling of nursing home policies and allegations of misconduct.
Social cohesion: Social cohesion refers to the bonds that connect individuals within a society, fostering a sense of belonging and shared values. It encompasses trust, mutual support, and active participation in community life, which are essential for maintaining stability and harmony within a society. During crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic, social cohesion can be severely tested, as divisions may emerge due to disparities in health outcomes, economic impacts, and differing responses to public health measures.
Mental health crisis: A mental health crisis refers to a situation in which an individual experiences a severe emotional or psychological distress that poses an immediate threat to their well-being or safety. This can manifest through various symptoms such as suicidal thoughts, panic attacks, or extreme anxiety, often exacerbated by external stressors like economic instability, social isolation, or traumatic events. The COVID-19 pandemic intensified existing mental health issues and triggered new challenges, resulting in a significant rise in mental health crises across populations.
Collective behavior: Collective behavior refers to the actions, thoughts, and feelings of a group of individuals who come together in response to a shared situation or event. It often occurs in unpredictable and spontaneous ways, reflecting the social dynamics and emotions of the participants. This concept is particularly relevant in understanding how communities mobilize during crises, such as during the COVID-19 pandemic, when social unrest emerged alongside public health concerns.
Social distancing: Social distancing is a public health practice aimed at reducing the spread of infectious diseases by maintaining physical space between individuals. During the COVID-19 pandemic, this strategy became essential in limiting virus transmission, influencing daily life, economic activities, and even triggering social unrest as communities grappled with restrictions and their consequences.
Mask mandates: Mask mandates are government-imposed regulations requiring individuals to wear face masks in public spaces to reduce the spread of infectious diseases, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. These mandates often vary by location and are implemented in response to rising infection rates, aiming to protect public health while balancing individual freedoms and societal responsibility.
Paycheck Protection Program: The Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) was a loan initiative established by the U.S. government in 2020 to provide financial support to small businesses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Its primary goal was to help businesses keep their employees on payroll and cover essential expenses, thereby reducing unemployment and stabilizing the economy during a period of widespread economic disruption. The program allowed for loans to be fully forgiven if certain criteria were met, making it a vital lifeline for many struggling businesses.
CDC Guidelines: CDC guidelines are recommendations and protocols established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to protect public health and safety. These guidelines cover various health-related issues, including disease prevention, control measures, and best practices in healthcare settings, especially during public health emergencies like the COVID-19 pandemic. The CDC plays a crucial role in providing scientifically-backed information to guide individuals, communities, and organizations in making informed decisions regarding health practices.
Public health emergency declaration: A public health emergency declaration is a formal announcement made by government officials, typically at the federal or state level, to address a significant threat to public health. This declaration mobilizes resources and enables swift action to mitigate health risks, such as outbreaks of infectious diseases or environmental hazards. During the COVID-19 pandemic, these declarations played a crucial role in shaping responses to the crisis and addressing the social unrest that followed.
COVID-19: COVID-19 is a highly contagious respiratory illness caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, first identified in late 2019 in Wuhan, China. The pandemic triggered widespread health crises and significant socio-economic disruptions globally, influencing various aspects of daily life, public policy, and social dynamics.
Economic stimulus: Economic stimulus refers to policy measures, typically enacted by governments, to encourage economic growth during periods of economic downturn or stagnation. These measures often include tax cuts, increased government spending, and other financial incentives aimed at boosting consumer demand and investment. The connection to recent events illustrates how stimulus efforts can address both immediate economic challenges and broader social issues that arise during crises.