🤕Torts Unit 10 – Strict Liability

What's Strict Liability?

• Strict liability imposes legal responsibility for damages or injuries regardless of fault or intent
• Applies in specific circumstances where the defendant's actions are inherently dangerous or pose a significant risk to others
• Differs from negligence which requires proving the defendant's failure to exercise reasonable care
• Plaintiff does not need to establish the defendant's negligence or intent to cause harm
• Focuses on the nature of the activity or product rather than the defendant's conduct
• Aims to protect the public from hazardous activities and ensure compensation for victims
• Encourages defendants to take utmost care and precautions to prevent harm

When Does Strict Liability Apply?

• Strict liability commonly applies in cases involving abnormally dangerous activities
  • Activities that create a high risk of harm even when performed with reasonable care (transporting hazardous materials, using explosives)
• Applies to defective products that cause injury or damage to consumers
  • Manufacturers and sellers can be held strictly liable for defective products
• Applies in certain animal-related cases
  • Owners of wild animals or domesticated animals with known dangerous propensities can be strictly liable for injuries caused by their animals
• Applies in some environmental contamination cases
  • Companies engaged in activities that cause environmental damage may face strict liability
• Specific state laws may impose strict liability in other situations (dog bite statutes, dram shop laws)

Key Elements of Strict Liability

• The defendant engaged in an activity or conduct that falls under the scope of strict liability
• The activity or conduct caused harm or injury to the plaintiff
• The harm or injury resulted from the inherent dangers associated with the activity or conduct
• The plaintiff suffered actual damages or losses
• Proximate cause establishes a direct link between the defendant's activity and the plaintiff's harm
• No requirement to prove the defendant's negligence or intent
• Liability is imposed based on the nature of the activity or product itself

Types of Strict Liability Cases

• Abnormally dangerous activities
  • Activities that create a high risk of harm even when performed with reasonable care (blasting, storing hazardous chemicals)
• Defective products
  • Design defects inherent flaws in the product's design that make it unreasonably dangerous
  • Manufacturing defects products that deviate from their intended design due to errors in the manufacturing process
  • Failure to warn inadequate warnings or instructions about the product's risks or proper use
• Animal-related cases
  • Injuries caused by wild animals kept in captivity or domesticated animals with known dangerous propensities (exotic pets, vicious dogs)
• Environmental contamination
  • Companies that engage in activities causing environmental damage (oil spills, toxic waste disposal)
• Vicarious liability
  • Employers can be strictly liable for the actions of their employees within the scope of employment

Defenses Against Strict Liability

• Assumption of risk the plaintiff voluntarily and knowingly assumed the risks associated with the activity or product
  • Plaintiff's awareness and acceptance of the inherent dangers
• Comparative fault the plaintiff's own negligence contributed to their injuries
  • Damages may be reduced based on the plaintiff's percentage of fault
• Misuse or modification the plaintiff misused the product or modified it in an unintended manner
• State of the art the product met the highest safety standards available at the time of manufacture
• Statute of limitations the plaintiff failed to bring the claim within the prescribed time limit
• Preemption federal regulations or laws may preempt state-level strict liability claims in certain industries (medical devices, pharmaceuticals)

Damages in Strict Liability Cases

• Compensatory damages aim to compensate the plaintiff for their actual losses
  • Medical expenses costs associated with treating injuries caused by the defendant's activity or product
  • Lost wages income lost due to the plaintiff's inability to work as a result of the injuries
  • Pain and suffering physical discomfort and emotional distress experienced by the plaintiff
  • Property damage costs of repairing or replacing damaged property
• Punitive damages may be awarded in cases of egregious conduct or gross negligence to punish the defendant and deter future misconduct
• Wrongful death damages compensate the surviving family members for losses resulting from the death of a loved one
• Economic damages quantifiable financial losses (medical bills, lost earnings)
• Non-economic damages subjective losses (pain and suffering, loss of enjoyment of life)

Comparing Strict Liability to Other Tort Theories

• Negligence requires proving the defendant's failure to exercise reasonable care
  • Plaintiff must establish duty, breach, causation, and damages
• Intentional torts require proving the defendant's intent to cause harm or engage in unlawful conduct
  • Includes assault, battery, trespass, and intentional infliction of emotional distress
• Strict liability focuses on the nature of the activity or product rather than the defendant's conduct
  • No need to prove fault or intent
• Strict liability aims to protect the public and ensure compensation for victims
• Negligence and intentional torts focus on the defendant's actions and mental state
• Strict liability can result in liability even if the defendant took reasonable precautions
• Negligence and intentional torts may allow for more defenses based on the defendant's conduct

Real-World Examples and Case Studies

• Rylands v. Fletcher (1868) establishing the doctrine of strict liability for abnormally dangerous activities
  • Defendant's water reservoir flooded neighboring coal mines
• Greenman v. Yuba Power Products, Inc. (1963) applying strict liability to defective products
  • Plaintiff injured by a defective power tool
• Escamilla v. Marshburn Brothers (1975) strict liability for crop dusting pesticides that drifted onto neighboring properties
• Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad Co. v. American Cyanamid Co. (1990) strict liability for the transportation of hazardous chemicals
  • Chemicals spilled from a railway car causing environmental damage
• Isaacs v. Powell (1990) strict liability for injuries caused by a domesticated animal with known dangerous propensities
  • Plaintiff attacked by a chimpanzee kept as a pet
• Anderson v. Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp. (1991) strict liability for asbestos-related injuries
  • Plaintiff developed mesothelioma from exposure to asbestos products