10.6 Subaltern studies
7 min read•august 20, 2024
studies emerged in the 1980s as a critical approach to history and social sciences. It challenges dominant narratives by focusing on marginalized groups' experiences, offering a postcolonial critique of power relations and knowledge production.
Originating in South Asia, subaltern studies draws on Antonio Gramsci's concept of the "subaltern." It aims to rewrite history from below, recovering voices of peasants, workers, and women in colonial and postcolonial contexts, while critiquing Eurocentric assumptions in academia.
Origins of subaltern studies
- Subaltern studies emerged as a critical approach to history and social sciences in the 1980s, challenging dominant narratives and focusing on the experiences of marginalized groups
- Originated in South Asia but has since expanded to other regions and disciplines, offering a postcolonial critique of power relations and knowledge production
Gramsci's influence
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Theoretical Perspectives of Race and Ethnicity | Introduction to Sociology View original
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Gramscian 'Counter hegemony' in Narendra Modi's New India Perspective | Space and Culture, India View original
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Theoretical Perspectives of Race and Ethnicity | Introduction to Sociology View original
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Gramscian 'Counter hegemony' in Narendra Modi's New India Perspective | Space and Culture, India View original
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Top images from around the web for Gramsci's influence
Theoretical Perspectives of Race and Ethnicity | Introduction to Sociology View original
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Gramscian 'Counter hegemony' in Narendra Modi's New India Perspective | Space and Culture, India View original
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Theoretical Perspectives of Race and Ethnicity | Introduction to Sociology View original
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Gramscian 'Counter hegemony' in Narendra Modi's New India Perspective | Space and Culture, India View original
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- Draws on Italian Marxist theorist Antonio Gramsci's concept of the "subaltern," referring to subordinate groups excluded from hegemonic power structures
- Gramsci emphasized the role of culture and ideology in maintaining social hierarchy, inspiring subaltern studies scholars to examine the agency and resistance of oppressed groups
- Adapted Gramsci's ideas to the postcolonial context, exploring the complexities of subaltern consciousness and political action
South Asian historians
- Pioneered by a group of South Asian historians, including , Partha Chatterjee, and , who sought to rewrite history from below
- Challenged elitist and nationalist historiography that marginalized the experiences of peasants, workers, women, and other subaltern groups in colonial and postcolonial India
- Aimed to recover subaltern voices and perspectives through innovative archival research and theoretical interventions
Postcolonial critique
- Situated within the broader field of postcolonial studies, which examines the cultural, political, and economic legacies of and imperialism
- Critiques Eurocentric and universalist assumptions in social sciences and humanities, emphasizing the need for alternative epistemologies and methodologies
- Engages with questions of representation, subjectivity, and power relations in the production of knowledge about the
Key concepts in subaltern studies
Subaltern identity
- Refers to the subordinate status of certain groups within a society, based on factors such as class, caste, gender, race, ethnicity, or religion
- Subaltern identities are constructed through complex processes of domination and resistance, shaped by historical and cultural contexts
- Subaltern studies scholars explore how subaltern groups negotiate their identities and assert their agency in the face of oppressive structures
Hegemony vs resistance
- refers to the dominant ideology and power relations that shape social, political, and economic life, often through consent rather than coercion
- Resistance encompasses the various ways in which subaltern groups challenge, subvert, or negotiate hegemonic structures and discourses
- Subaltern studies examines the dialectical relationship between hegemony and resistance, highlighting the agency and creativity of subaltern actors
Recovering marginalized voices
- Subaltern studies aims to recover the voices, experiences, and perspectives of marginalized groups that have been silenced or overlooked in dominant historical narratives
- Involves a critical re-reading of archival sources, oral histories, and cultural texts to uncover subaltern agency and resistance
- Challenges the notion of a singular, homogeneous subaltern identity, emphasizing the diversity and complexity of subaltern experiences
Subaltern studies methodology
Archival research
- Subaltern studies scholars engage in extensive archival research, often reading colonial and nationalist archives against the grain to uncover subaltern voices and perspectives
- Involves a critical interrogation of the power dynamics and biases embedded in archival sources, which often privilege elite and official narratives
- Seeks to reconstruct subaltern histories through fragmentary and dispersed evidence, such as police records, court cases, and administrative documents
Oral history
- Oral history methods are used to collect and analyze the stories, memories, and experiences of subaltern groups that may not be represented in written archives
- Provides a means of accessing subaltern subjectivities and perspectives, often revealing alternative narratives and forms of knowledge
- Requires a reflexive and collaborative approach, acknowledging the power dynamics between researchers and participants and the role of memory and storytelling in shaping historical accounts
Textual analysis
- Subaltern studies scholars engage in close textual analysis of a wide range of sources, including literary works, popular culture, and media representations
- Examines how subaltern identities and experiences are constructed, represented, or silenced in cultural texts and discourses
- Draws on insights from literary theory, cultural studies, and discourse analysis to unpack the ideological and symbolic dimensions of texts and their relationship to power relations
Subaltern studies in India
Peasant insurgencies
- Early subaltern studies focused on peasant insurgencies and rebellions in colonial India, such as the 1857 Revolt and the Telangana uprising
- Challenged dominant interpretations that dismissed peasant resistance as spontaneous, irrational, or pre-political, instead highlighting the agency and consciousness of peasant actors
- Examined the complex dynamics of class, caste, and gender in shaping peasant politics and the role of cultural and religious idioms in mobilizing resistance
Caste and class
- Subaltern studies scholars have explored the intersections of caste and class in shaping subaltern identities and experiences in India
- Examined how caste hierarchies and discrimination have been reproduced and challenged through colonial and postcolonial histories
- Analyzed the role of caste in shaping labor relations, political mobilization, and cultural practices among subaltern groups
Gender and subalternity
- Subaltern studies has increasingly engaged with questions of gender and the experiences of women as subaltern subjects
- Examined how gender intersects with other forms of social hierarchy and oppression, such as caste, class, and religion
- Explored the agency and resistance of women in various contexts, such as anti-colonial nationalism, labor movements, and popular culture
Subaltern studies beyond India
Latin American subaltern studies
- Subaltern studies has been adapted and applied to the study of marginalized groups in Latin America, such as indigenous peoples, Afro-descendants, and peasants
- Examined the legacies of colonialism, racism, and inequality in shaping subaltern identities and experiences in the region
- Explored the role of popular movements, cultural practices, and alternative forms of knowledge production in challenging dominant power structures
African subaltern studies
- Subaltern studies approaches have been used to study the experiences of subaltern groups in Africa, such as women, workers, and ethnic minorities
- Examined the impact of colonialism, nationalism, and globalization on subaltern identities and struggles in different African contexts
- Highlighted the agency and creativity of African subaltern actors in negotiating and resisting oppressive structures and discourses
Subaltern studies in the West
- Subaltern studies insights have been applied to the study of marginalized groups in Western contexts, such as racial and ethnic minorities, immigrants, and the working class
- Examined how subaltern identities and experiences are shaped by histories of racism, colonialism, and capitalism in Europe and North America
- Explored the role of social movements, cultural practices, and alternative forms of knowledge production in challenging dominant power structures and discourses
Critiques of subaltern studies
Essentialism and identity
- Some critics argue that subaltern studies tends to essentialize subaltern identities and experiences, treating them as homogeneous and fixed categories
- Raises questions about the politics of representation and the risk of speaking for or romanticizing subaltern subjects
- Calls for a more nuanced and intersectional approach that recognizes the diversity and fluidity of subaltern identities and experiences
Romanticizing resistance
- Critics suggest that subaltern studies sometimes romanticizes or idealizes subaltern resistance, overlooking its limitations, contradictions, and unintended consequences
- Argues for a more critical and contextualized analysis of resistance that recognizes its complex and ambivalent nature
- Highlights the need to examine the structural and material constraints that shape subaltern agency and political action
Neglect of political economy
- Some critics argue that subaltern studies has tended to prioritize cultural and ideological factors over political and economic structures in analyzing subaltern experiences
- Calls for a more materialist approach that examines the role of class relations, state power, and global capitalism in shaping subaltern lives and struggles
- Suggests the need for a more integrated analysis that connects cultural and economic dimensions of
Influence on postcolonial theory
Subaltern agency
- Subaltern studies has been influential in shaping postcolonial theories of agency, resistance, and subjectivity
- Emphasizes the capacity of subaltern groups to act and speak for themselves, challenging dominant assumptions about their passivity or lack of consciousness
- Explores the complex and contradictory nature of subaltern agency, shaped by both domination and resistance
Hybridity and mimicry
- Subaltern studies has contributed to postcolonial theories of hybridity and mimicry, which examine the cultural and psychological effects of colonialism on subaltern subjects
- Explores how subaltern groups negotiate and subvert colonial discourses and practices through selective appropriation, adaptation, and resistance
- Highlights the ambivalent and unstable nature of colonial identities and power relations
Orientalism and representation
- Subaltern studies has engaged with Edward Said's critique of Orientalism and the politics of representation in colonial and postcolonial contexts
- Examines how subaltern subjects are constructed and represented in dominant discourses and cultural practices, often in stereotypical and essentialist ways
- Explores the possibilities and limitations of subaltern self-representation and the role of intellectuals in speaking for or about subaltern groups
Subaltern studies and political praxis
Grassroots movements
- Subaltern studies insights have been applied to the study and support of grassroots movements and struggles by marginalized groups around the world
- Examines how subaltern groups mobilize and organize to challenge oppressive structures and demand social justice and equality
- Explores the role of cultural practices, alternative forms of knowledge, and collective action in shaping subaltern political praxis
Decolonization struggles
- Subaltern studies has been influential in shaping theories and practices of decolonization, which seek to challenge and dismantle the legacies of colonialism and imperialism
- Examines how subaltern groups have been involved in anti-colonial struggles and postcolonial nation-building projects, often in complex and contradictory ways
- Explores the possibilities and limitations of decolonization as a political and cultural project, and the ongoing challenges of neo-colonialism and globalization
Subaltern knowledge production
- Subaltern studies emphasizes the importance of recognizing and valuing subaltern forms of knowledge and epistemologies that have been marginalized or suppressed by dominant power structures
- Explores how subaltern groups produce and transmit knowledge through oral traditions, cultural practices, and embodied experiences
- Calls for a more inclusive and pluralistic approach to knowledge production that challenges the hegemony of Western and elite forms of knowledge and expertise
Key Terms to Review (18)
Anti-colonial struggle: The anti-colonial struggle refers to the movements and efforts made by colonized nations and peoples to resist and overthrow colonial rule, aiming for independence, self-determination, and sovereignty. These struggles often involved a combination of armed conflict, political activism, cultural revival, and international solidarity, highlighting the complexities of power dynamics between colonizers and the colonized.
Can the subaltern speak?: The phrase 'can the subaltern speak?' refers to a critical inquiry into whether marginalized groups, often labeled as subalterns, can express their own voices and perspectives in a way that is recognized and validated by dominant social narratives. This question challenges the assumption that only those in power can articulate their experiences and demands, highlighting issues of representation, power dynamics, and the importance of understanding how colonial histories have silenced certain voices.
Colonialism: Colonialism is a practice where a country establishes control over a foreign territory, often by settling its people there and exploiting the resources of that land. This involves the dominance of one nation over another, resulting in significant political, economic, and social changes in the colonized region. The impacts of colonialism can be seen in issues of territorial sovereignty, global power dynamics, ongoing territorial disputes, and the narratives within subaltern studies that examine the voices of those who have been marginalized during these processes.
Deconstruction: Deconstruction is a critical approach that seeks to uncover the assumptions, contradictions, and complexities within texts or ideologies, revealing how meaning is constructed and can change over time. This method emphasizes that meanings are not fixed but rather fluid, shaped by various cultural and historical contexts. It challenges traditional interpretations and encourages deeper analysis of the relationships between language, power, and identity.
Epistemic violence: Epistemic violence refers to the harm inflicted on individuals or groups through the imposition of dominant knowledge systems that marginalize or erase alternative ways of knowing. This concept highlights how certain narratives and forms of knowledge can silence subaltern voices, perpetuating power imbalances in society. It emphasizes the importance of recognizing and validating diverse epistemologies to combat inequalities.
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak: Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak is a prominent Indian literary theorist and philosopher, widely known for her work in postcolonial studies, feminist theory, and deconstruction. She is particularly recognized for her essay 'Can the Subaltern Speak?' where she critiques Western representations of marginalized voices and emphasizes the need for these voices to articulate their own experiences. Her contributions extend to analyzing how power dynamics shape cultural narratives and the importance of recognizing subaltern perspectives.
Global South: The Global South refers to a group of countries primarily located in Africa, Latin America, Asia, and parts of the Middle East that are often characterized by lower economic development and social inequality compared to the Global North. This term encompasses not just geographical distinctions but also socio-economic and political dynamics, highlighting the historical context of colonialism, post-colonialism, and the ongoing struggles for development and equity within these regions.
Hegemony: Hegemony refers to the dominance or leadership of one group over others, often exercised through cultural, ideological, or political means rather than direct coercion. This concept is crucial for understanding how power dynamics operate within states, the global economy, and marginalized voices in society, as it highlights the subtle ways in which certain groups maintain control and influence over others.
Indian Independence Movement: The Indian Independence Movement was a series of historical events and activities aimed at ending British colonial rule in India, culminating in the country gaining independence in 1947. This movement encompassed various political, social, and cultural efforts that united diverse groups across India, advocating for self-rule and the recognition of civil rights. It reflects broader themes of decolonization and the struggles of marginalized communities seeking to reclaim their voices and agency in a post-colonial world.
Periphery: The term 'periphery' refers to regions or countries that are less developed and often economically dependent on more developed areas, known as the core. These peripheral areas typically have lower levels of industrialization, lower incomes, and higher rates of poverty compared to core regions. The relationship between periphery and core is crucial in understanding global economic structures and power dynamics.
Postcolonial theory: Postcolonial theory is an intellectual framework that analyzes the cultural, political, and economic impacts of colonialism and imperialism on societies and individuals. This theory seeks to understand the lingering effects of colonization, emphasizing how formerly colonized nations navigate their identities, histories, and power dynamics in a postcolonial world. It critiques traditional Western narratives and aims to give voice to marginalized perspectives often overlooked in mainstream discourse.
Postcolonialism: Postcolonialism is an intellectual framework that examines the lasting impacts of colonialism on cultures, societies, and politics in formerly colonized countries. It critiques colonial narratives and power dynamics, focusing on issues of identity, representation, and the ongoing effects of colonial practices. This perspective connects deeply with the understanding of geopolitical relations, indigenous rights, and the voices of marginalized groups in historical and contemporary contexts.
Ranajit Guha: Ranajit Guha is a prominent Indian historian and a key figure in the Subaltern Studies group, which focuses on voices and perspectives often marginalized in historical narratives. His work emphasizes the importance of understanding history from the viewpoint of those who are usually overlooked, particularly the colonized and oppressed. Guha's scholarship seeks to challenge traditional historiography and the colonial perspectives that dominate historical discourse.
Silencing: Silencing refers to the systemic suppression of voices, opinions, and narratives, particularly those of marginalized or oppressed groups. This concept highlights how power dynamics can lead to the exclusion of certain perspectives in political discourse, often undermining democratic processes and social justice efforts. Understanding silencing is crucial to addressing historical injustices and recognizing the importance of diverse voices in shaping society.
Subaltern: The term subaltern refers to groups of people who are socially, politically, and geographically outside of the hegemonic power structure, often marginalized or silenced within society. It emphasizes the voices and experiences of those who have been historically oppressed or excluded from dominant narratives, particularly in postcolonial contexts.
Subalternity: Subalternity refers to the condition of being socially, politically, and economically marginalized or oppressed within a society. This concept emphasizes the voices and experiences of groups that are excluded from dominant power structures, highlighting their struggle for recognition and agency in a world where they often remain voiceless and invisible. Understanding subalternity helps shed light on how historical and contemporary power dynamics shape the lived realities of marginalized communities.
The subaltern studies reader: The subaltern studies reader is a compilation of essays and writings that examine the historical and social experiences of marginalized groups, particularly in South Asia. It seeks to address the voices and perspectives of those considered subaltern, meaning they exist outside the hegemonic power structures and are often overlooked in traditional historical narratives. This reader plays a crucial role in challenging dominant discourses and aims to elevate the narratives of oppressed populations.
Voice: In political geography, 'voice' refers to the ability and agency of individuals or groups to express their opinions, concerns, and demands within societal structures. This concept is crucial in understanding how marginalized or subaltern groups communicate their needs and seek representation in decision-making processes that affect their lives.