key term - Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Definition

An Institutional Review Board (IRB) is a committee established to review and approve research involving human subjects, ensuring that their rights, welfare, and privacy are protected. This committee plays a critical role in ethical considerations by evaluating research proposals for compliance with ethical standards, federal regulations, and institutional policies, promoting the responsible conduct of research.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. IRBs are required by federal law in the United States for any research involving human subjects conducted or funded by government agencies.
2. The primary purpose of an IRB is to protect the rights and welfare of research participants by assessing risks versus potential benefits.
3. IRBs consist of diverse members, including scientists, non-scientists, and community representatives, to ensure a well-rounded perspective on the research ethics.
4. Researchers must submit their proposals to the IRB before starting their studies to receive approval, which may involve revisions based on feedback.
5. The IRB has the authority to disapprove research that does not meet ethical standards or adequately protect participants' rights.

Review Questions

• How does an Institutional Review Board (IRB) contribute to the ethical oversight of research involving human subjects?
  • An Institutional Review Board (IRB) contributes to ethical oversight by reviewing research proposals to ensure that they comply with ethical standards and protect the rights and welfare of participants. The IRB evaluates factors such as informed consent, risk assessment, and the potential benefits of the research. By requiring researchers to address these elements before conducting their studies, the IRB helps to minimize harm and uphold ethical principles in research.
• Discuss the importance of informed consent in the context of an IRB's review process.
  • Informed consent is a crucial aspect of the IRB's review process because it ensures that participants are fully aware of what their participation entails. The IRB examines how researchers communicate risks, benefits, and procedures to potential subjects. This transparency fosters trust between researchers and participants while safeguarding participants' autonomy and decision-making ability regarding their involvement in research.
• Evaluate the effectiveness of IRBs in maintaining ethical standards within cognitive science research and suggest potential improvements.
  • The effectiveness of IRBs in maintaining ethical standards in cognitive science research is evident through their rigorous review processes that prioritize participant welfare. However, challenges exist such as variability in IRB expertise regarding specific cognitive science methodologies or evolving ethical concerns related to emerging technologies. To improve effectiveness, there could be enhanced training for IRB members on contemporary cognitive science issues and greater collaboration between researchers and IRBs to better address unique ethical challenges while facilitating innovative research.

Related terms

Informed Consent:

The process by which researchers provide potential participants with information about a study, ensuring they understand the risks and benefits before agreeing to participate.

Ethical Guidelines: A set of principles and standards that guide researchers in conducting studies ethically and responsibly, including respect for persons, beneficence, and justice.

Human Subjects Research: Research involving individuals from whom data is obtained through intervention or interaction or identifiable private information.