Late 19th century

Definition

The Late 19th century refers to the period from the 1870s to the turn of the 20th century, characterized by significant changes in political, social, and economic structures around the world. This era saw the rise of imperialism, particularly European powers expanding their empires into Africa and Asia, while also experiencing various indigenous responses to colonial rule. Economic imperialism also flourished during this time, as industrialized nations sought new markets and resources, further influencing global dynamics.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The Late 19th century was marked by a significant rise in nationalism, leading to various movements for independence and self-determination among colonized peoples.
2. The industrial revolution fueled imperial ambitions as nations sought new sources of raw materials and markets for their manufactured goods.
3. During this time, indigenous populations often responded to colonial pressures with both resistance and adaptation, leading to a variety of responses from armed conflict to cultural exchange.
4. Economic imperialism resulted in increased foreign investments in regions like Latin America and Southeast Asia, changing local economies and social structures.
5. This period laid the groundwork for many modern geopolitical conflicts as colonial legacies continued to influence national boundaries and identities well into the 20th century.

Review Questions

• How did indigenous responses to imperialism manifest during the Late 19th century?
  • Indigenous responses to imperialism during the Late 19th century varied widely but often included resistance movements, revolts, and efforts to maintain cultural identities. Some groups engaged in armed conflicts, such as the Zulu Wars in Southern Africa or the Boxer Rebellion in China, while others opted for more peaceful forms of resistance like negotiating treaties or forming alliances. These reactions were shaped by factors such as local conditions, existing power structures, and the degree of external pressure from imperial powers.
• In what ways did economic imperialism differ from earlier forms of colonial control during the Late 19th century?
  • Economic imperialism during the Late 19th century differed from earlier colonial control primarily through its focus on indirect influence rather than direct governance. Instead of establishing formal colonies, industrialized nations often exploited local resources and economies through investments, trade agreements, and infrastructure projects. This allowed them to exert control without necessarily taking political power, creating a system where local elites might collaborate with foreign businesses, thus altering traditional power dynamics while still serving imperial interests.
• Evaluate the long-term effects of Late 19th century imperialism on global relationships and conflicts that emerged in the 20th century.
  • The imperialism of the Late 19th century had profound long-term effects on global relationships and conflicts that unfolded throughout the 20th century. The arbitrary borders drawn by colonial powers often ignored ethnic and cultural divisions, leading to civil strife and tensions in newly independent states after World War II. Additionally, economic dependencies created through exploitation left many countries struggling with underdevelopment and inequality. These historical grievances contributed to ongoing conflicts such as wars for independence and civil rights movements worldwide, illustrating how colonial legacies continued to shape international relations long after imperialism formally ended.

Related terms

Scramble for Africa:

The rapid invasion and colonization of Africa by European powers during the late 19th century, resulting in the establishment of numerous colonies.

Sepoy Mutiny:

A major uprising in 1857 against British rule in India, marking a turning point in the relationship between Britain and its Indian subjects.

Economic Imperialism:

A form of imperialism where a country exerts control over another country's economy, often through investments and trade rather than direct political control.