Late 19th century

Definition

The Late 19th century refers to the period from the 1870s to the early 1900s, marked by significant social, political, and economic changes in the United States. This era witnessed the rise of industrialization, urbanization, and immigration, reshaping federalism and the relationship between state and federal governments. The expansion of railroads, technological innovations, and labor movements also played crucial roles in this transformative period.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The Late 19th century saw a dramatic increase in immigration, with millions arriving from Europe and Asia, which significantly impacted urban demographics and labor markets.
2. Federalism evolved during this period as the national government took a more active role in regulating business practices and protecting labor rights.
3. The establishment of labor unions emerged as workers sought better wages and working conditions amid the harsh realities of industrial jobs.
4. The rise of Populism in the Late 19th century reflected growing discontent among farmers and workers against corporate power and economic inequality.
5. Key amendments to the Constitution, like the 16th Amendment (income tax) and the 17th Amendment (direct election of senators), were influenced by pressures for reform during this time.

Review Questions

• How did industrialization during the Late 19th century affect federalism in the United States?
  • Industrialization during the Late 19th century significantly altered federalism by increasing the federal government's involvement in economic regulation. As businesses grew larger and more powerful, states struggled to manage economic issues effectively. This led to calls for a stronger federal presence to regulate industries, particularly railroads, culminating in the establishment of agencies like the Interstate Commerce Commission. This shift marked a movement toward a more centralized approach to governance.
• Discuss the role of immigration in shaping social dynamics during the Late 19th century and its implications for government policies.
  • Immigration played a pivotal role in shaping social dynamics during the Late 19th century as waves of newcomers transformed urban centers across the U.S. These immigrants contributed to labor forces in factories but also faced discrimination and hardship. In response to these challenges, government policies evolved to address issues such as housing, labor rights, and integration. This period laid the groundwork for future social reforms aimed at improving conditions for immigrants.
• Evaluate how the rise of labor unions in the Late 19th century influenced federal policies regarding workers' rights and economic regulation.
  • The rise of labor unions in the Late 19th century had a profound impact on federal policies regarding workers' rights and economic regulation. As unions organized strikes and advocated for better working conditions and fair wages, they drew national attention to the plight of workers in industrial settings. This activism pushed the federal government to respond with regulations that recognized workers' rights and initiated a framework for labor laws. The resulting legal changes set important precedents that shaped future labor relations in America.

Related terms

Industrialization: The process of transitioning from agrarian economies to industrial economies, characterized by the growth of factories and mass production.

Progressive Era:

A period in the early 20th century focused on social reform, aimed at addressing issues caused by industrialization, urbanization, and corruption.

Interstate Commerce Commission: The first federal regulatory agency established in 1887 to oversee railroad rates and practices, highlighting the growing federal role in economic regulation.