Opium Wars: A series of conflicts between Qing China and Great Britain in the mid-19th century over British opium imports into China, which resulted in Chinese defeat and further weakening of Qing authority.
Mercantilism: An economic policy where nations sought to increase their wealth through trade by exporting more than they imported, often at the expense of colonies or other nations.
Isolationism: A policy where a country limits its interactions with other nations, often seeking self-sufficiency and avoiding political or economic alliances.