2 min read•Last Updated on July 24, 2024
The Hawaiian language, 'Ōlelo Hawai'i, has unique structures that set it apart from English. Its verb-subject-object pattern, tense markers, and possessive categories reflect a distinct worldview. Pronunciation relies on a 13-letter alphabet, with vowel sounds and the 'okina playing crucial roles.
'Ōlelo Hawai'i is more than just words; it's a cultural treasure. It preserves traditional knowledge, genealogies, and Hawaiian identity. Despite facing decline after Western contact, revitalization efforts have breathed new life into the language, though challenges remain in creating fluent speakers.
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Journal of Languages and Culture - inflectional morphology in mecha oromo View original
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Journal of Languages and Culture - inflectional morphology in mecha oromo View original
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Category:Word order - Wikimedia Commons View original
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Journal of Languages and Culture - inflectional morphology in mecha oromo View original
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'oe is a Hawaiian word meaning 'you' that is used as a second-person pronoun in conversation. This term plays a vital role in everyday interactions and helps establish a sense of connection between speakers, reflecting the relational aspects of 'Ōlelo Hawai'i. In Hawaiian culture, language is not just a means of communication; it's deeply tied to identity and relationships, making the use of pronouns like 'oe significant in understanding social dynamics and cultural values.
Term 1 of 36
'oe is a Hawaiian word meaning 'you' that is used as a second-person pronoun in conversation. This term plays a vital role in everyday interactions and helps establish a sense of connection between speakers, reflecting the relational aspects of 'Ōlelo Hawai'i. In Hawaiian culture, language is not just a means of communication; it's deeply tied to identity and relationships, making the use of pronouns like 'oe significant in understanding social dynamics and cultural values.
Term 1 of 36
'Ōlelo Hawai'i refers to the Hawaiian language, an indigenous language of the Hawaiian Islands that is deeply intertwined with the culture, history, and identity of the Hawaiian people. It is an official language of the state of Hawaii and plays a crucial role in cultural preservation and revitalization efforts within the Hawaiian community, serving as a medium for storytelling, traditional practices, and daily communication.
Aloha ʻĀina: A concept meaning 'love of the land,' reflecting a deep connection to place, which is often expressed through the use of 'ōlelo Hawai'i in cultural practices.
Kumu: A teacher or source of knowledge in Hawaiian culture, often using 'ōlelo Hawai'i as a primary means of instruction.
Pidgin: A creole language that has evolved in Hawaii, incorporating elements of English and Hawaiian, often used in informal contexts.
Genealogies are systems of tracing lineage and ancestry, often highlighting familial connections and heritage. In Hawaiian culture, genealogies (or 'ohana) serve to preserve historical narratives, social structures, and cultural identities, creating a sense of belonging and continuity among people. They are not only about blood relations but also encompass spiritual connections and the significance of relationships that shape individual and collective identities.
ʻOhana: A Hawaiian term that means family in an extended sense, including blood relations, adoptive ties, and even close friends who are considered family.
Kūpuna: Hawaiian term for ancestors or grandparents, reflecting the importance of lineage and respect for those who came before.
Mālama ʻāina: A Hawaiian value meaning to care for the land, which is often connected to understanding one's genealogy and responsibilities to ancestors and future generations.
Western contact refers to the period of engagement and interaction between Hawaiian islands and Western nations, particularly during the late 18th and 19th centuries. This time brought significant cultural, social, and economic changes to Hawaii, often resulting in both positive and negative impacts on the native population, language, and political structure.
Missionaries: Individuals sent by various Christian denominations to Hawaii in the 19th century, aiming to convert Hawaiians to Christianity and establish educational systems.
Kānaka Maoli: The native Hawaiian people who experienced profound changes in their way of life due to Western influence and contact.
Monarchy: The system of government in Hawaii that was significantly impacted by Western powers, leading to the eventual overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy in 1893.
VSO stands for Verb-Subject-Object, which is a sentence structure where the verb comes first, followed by the subject and then the object. This structure is commonly used in 'Ōlelo Hawai'i, the Hawaiian language, and shapes how sentences are formed and understood. Understanding VSO is crucial for grasping the syntax of Hawaiian, as it influences not just sentence formation but also the flow of conversation and meaning.
Subject: The part of a sentence that indicates who or what is performing the action of the verb.
Object: The part of a sentence that receives the action of the verb, often indicating what or whom the action is directed towards.
Syntax: The set of rules that dictates how words are arranged to create meaningful sentences in a language.
In Hawaiian, 'ua' translates to 'rain' and is a key term in the language that represents not only the physical phenomenon but also carries deep cultural significance. The concept of 'ua' connects to themes of growth, sustenance, and life in Hawaiian culture, highlighting the importance of rain for agriculture, water sources, and the overall ecosystem. Understanding 'ua' reveals how language reflects the relationship between people and their environment in Hawaiian culture.
mauka: This term refers to the direction toward the mountains and is often associated with fresh water sources that contribute to rainwater drainage.
ulu: Meaning 'to grow' or 'to increase,' this term signifies the connection between rain and plant life, illustrating how 'ua' is essential for growth.
kapu: A sacred law or restriction that can be linked to environmental stewardship, emphasizing respect for natural resources like rain.
In Hawaiian language, 'e' serves multiple purposes, primarily as a marker for commands or invitations. It can indicate urgency or encouragement and is often used in a context to call someone to action. This term is integral in shaping the tone and intent of a sentence, making it crucial for effective communication in 'Ōlelo Hawai'i.
Kauoha: 'Kauoha' refers to commands or directives in Hawaiian, demonstrating how 'e' can function as a directive marker in conversation.
Aloha: 'Aloha' embodies love and compassion and is a key term that reflects the cultural values in which 'e' might be used to express affection or a call to unity.
Hoʻomau: 'Hoʻomau' means to persevere or continue, often associated with encouragement, which can relate to how 'e' inspires action.
The term 'ke' is a definite article in the Hawaiian language, equivalent to 'the' in English. It is used to specify a particular noun, signaling that the speaker is referring to something known or previously mentioned. This simple yet essential word connects to various aspects of Hawaiian grammar and syntax, forming the foundation for constructing clear and meaningful sentences.
nā: 'Nā' is the plural form of the definite article, meaning 'the' when referring to multiple items or entities.
ka: 'Ka' is another definite article in Hawaiian, used with singular nouns that are not specified by 'ke.'
ʻo: 'ʻO' is a particle used to indicate identity or description, often preceding nouns and providing context.
In the context of 'Ōlelo Hawai'i, an A-Class word refers to a category of Hawaiian words that are typically used in a specific grammatical context. These words often denote a sense of being, existence, or state of being and are essential for constructing meaningful sentences in Hawaiian language. Understanding A-Class words is crucial for grasping basic Hawaiian syntax and forming coherent expressions.
Hawaiian Syntax: The set of rules that govern the structure of sentences in 'Ōlelo Hawai'i, including how words and phrases are arranged.
Keolu: A term in Hawaiian that refers to the concept of existence or being, often linked with A-Class words.
Nā Kikino: Nouns in 'Ōlelo Hawai'i that can be associated with A-Class words to create complete thoughts or ideas.
O-class refers to a specific category of nouns in the Hawaiian language that typically denotes objects or things, often characterized by certain grammatical features. This classification is significant as it shapes the structure and use of language in various contexts, influencing how speakers convey meaning and interact with their environment.
A-Class: A-Class nouns in Hawaiian typically represent animate beings, such as people and animals, distinguishing them from other categories.
Dual Number: A grammatical feature in Hawaiian that indicates two of something, often used to emphasize relationships or connections.
Verb-Subject-Object Order: The common sentence structure in Hawaiian where the verb comes first, followed by the subject and then the object, impacting how sentences are formed.
The term 'au' in 'Ōlelo Hawai'i refers to the first-person singular pronoun meaning 'I' or 'me.' It is an essential component of personal expression in the Hawaiian language, allowing speakers to convey their identity and individuality. This pronoun is crucial in forming sentences that reflect personal experiences, emotions, and actions, highlighting the importance of self-representation in communication within Hawaiian culture.
ʻo ia: 'ʻo ia' means 'he,' 'she,' or 'it,' serving as a third-person singular pronoun that helps distinguish between different subjects in conversation.
kākou: 'kākou' is the inclusive pronoun for 'we,' referring to a group that includes the speaker, emphasizing togetherness and collective identity.
māua: 'māua' is an exclusive pronoun meaning 'we' but excluding the listener, used to indicate a group consisting of the speaker and at least one other person.
'oe is a Hawaiian word meaning 'you' that is used as a second-person pronoun in conversation. This term plays a vital role in everyday interactions and helps establish a sense of connection between speakers, reflecting the relational aspects of 'Ōlelo Hawai'i. In Hawaiian culture, language is not just a means of communication; it's deeply tied to identity and relationships, making the use of pronouns like 'oe significant in understanding social dynamics and cultural values.
'olua: 'olua translates to 'you two' or 'both of you', and it emphasizes inclusivity when addressing two individuals.
'oukou: 'oukou is the plural form of 'you', referring to multiple people, which shows respect and acknowledgement of a group.
pronoun: A word that takes the place of a noun, allowing speakers to avoid repetition and to clarify who or what they are discussing.
In 'Ōlelo Hawai'i, the term 'ia' is a versatile word that primarily functions as a marker for passive voice and indirect object. It can indicate the presence of something or someone being acted upon in a sentence. This grammatical feature is essential for constructing meaningful sentences and understanding the nuances of Hawaiian language structure.
ʻaʻano: A type of verb that describes a state of being or condition in Hawaiian, often translated as adjectives in English.
ka: The definite article in Hawaiian, equivalent to 'the' in English, used before nouns to indicate specificity.
ʻo: A particle in Hawaiian that functions similarly to a copula, often used to introduce or identify subjects in sentences.
Ko'u is a Hawaiian word that translates to 'my' in English, used to express possession or ownership. This term highlights the personal connection between the speaker and the object or idea being referenced, emphasizing individual identity and belonging within the Hawaiian culture. The use of ko'u is not only grammatical but also culturally significant, as it reflects the deep values of relationship and connection found in Hawaiian society.
ʻo ia: A Hawaiian phrase meaning 'he is' or 'she is,' used to identify or describe a person or thing.
kuʻu: Another Hawaiian word that translates to 'my,' often used interchangeably with ko'u but may have different connotations depending on context.
au: A Hawaiian word meaning 'I' or 'me,' which is often paired with possession terms like ko'u to indicate ownership.
Kona refers to a specific type of wind in Hawaiian culture, characterized as a warm, southwest breeze that often brings moisture and rainfall. This term also has deeper meanings associated with the climate, geography, and agricultural practices of the Hawaiian Islands, influencing local ecosystems and the livelihoods of the people.
Mālie: A gentle, calm breeze, typically associated with fair weather in Hawaiian culture, contrasting with kona winds.
Kona Coffee: A premium coffee grown in the Kona district on the Big Island of Hawaii, known for its rich flavor and unique growing conditions influenced by the kona winds.
Microclimates: Small, localized weather patterns that can vary significantly from the surrounding area, often influenced by geographical features such as mountains and valleys.
In Hawaiian, 'ka' is a definite article that translates to 'the' in English. It is used to specify a particular noun and serves as an essential grammatical component in 'Ōlelo Hawai'i, helping to provide clarity and specificity in communication.
ʻo: 'ʻo' is an indefinite article in Hawaiian that means 'a' or 'an', used for nonspecific nouns.
nā: 'nā' is the plural form of the definite article in Hawaiian, translating to 'the' when referring to multiple items.
ʻāina: 'ʻāina' means 'land' in Hawaiian and is often used in conjunction with articles like 'ka' to refer to specific lands.
Nā is a Hawaiian word that translates to 'the' in English and is used as a definite article. This term is crucial in Hawaiian language because it denotes plurality and specificity, marking nouns as distinct and recognized within context. In 'Ōlelo Hawai'i, understanding how to properly use nā can enhance sentence structure and meaning, providing clarity in communication.
ka: Ka is another definite article in Hawaiian, used for singular nouns, signifying 'the' when referring to one specific item.
ʻo: ʻO is a Hawaiian particle used for identification, often translating to 'is' or 'to be' in English, crucial for establishing relationships between subjects and predicates.
nouns: Nouns are words that name people, places, things, or ideas; in Hawaiian, the use of articles like nā and ka significantly alters their meaning.
A glottal stop is a consonantal sound made by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract, specifically at the glottis, which is the space between the vocal cords. In 'Ōlelo Hawai'i, this sound is represented by the 'okina, a symbol that indicates a brief pause or break in sound that can change the meaning of words. The glottal stop is crucial for pronunciation and meaning in Hawaiian, distinguishing words that may otherwise seem similar.
ʻOkina: The symbol used in Hawaiian writing to represent the glottal stop, functioning similarly to an apostrophe in English.
Macron: A diacritical mark used in Hawaiian to indicate a long vowel sound, affecting pronunciation and meaning in words.
Phonetics: The study of sounds in human speech, including how sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
Diphthongs are complex vowel sounds that begin with one vowel sound and glide into another within the same syllable. In Hawaiian, diphthongs play an important role in pronunciation, as they can change the meaning of words and affect overall communication. Understanding diphthongs is essential for mastering the sound system of 'Ōlelo Hawai'i and helps learners appreciate the nuances of spoken Hawaiian language.
Monophthong: A single vowel sound that has a fixed position in the mouth, unlike diphthongs which involve a glide from one vowel sound to another.
Vowel Length: The duration of vowel sounds in Hawaiian, where long vowels can change the meaning of words and must be pronounced distinctly.
Phonetics: The study of the sounds of human speech, including how sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived, which is crucial for understanding diphthongs.
Aloha is a Hawaiian word that means love, affection, peace, compassion, and mercy. It's more than just a greeting; it embodies a philosophy of treating others with kindness and respect, fostering community connections, and promoting a harmonious existence. The essence of aloha is deeply intertwined with Hawaiian identity, cultural practices, and the broader values that influence Hawaii's role in the world.
Pono: A Hawaiian term that means righteousness or balance, emphasizing moral conduct and living in harmony with others and the environment.
Ohana: A Hawaiian word for family that extends beyond blood relations, encompassing friends and community members, signifying the importance of support and connection.
Malama: To care for or protect; this term reflects the value of stewardship towards the land and community in Hawaiian culture.
Mahalo is a Hawaiian word that translates to 'thank you' and conveys gratitude and appreciation. This term is deeply ingrained in Hawaiian culture, serving as a reflection of the value placed on relationships, community, and respect for others. It highlights the importance of acknowledging kindness, whether in personal interactions or within the larger context of cultural practices.
Aloha: Aloha is a Hawaiian greeting or farewell that also embodies love, peace, and compassion, representing the spirit of welcoming and connection among people.
Kuleana: Kuleana refers to responsibility or obligation in Hawaiian culture, emphasizing the importance of taking care of one’s duties toward family, community, and the environment.
Pono: Pono signifies righteousness and balance, reflecting a state of moral integrity that guides behavior and interactions within the community.
Hula is a traditional Hawaiian dance form that combines rhythmic movement, chant, and music to convey stories, emotions, and cultural values. This art form is deeply rooted in Hawaiian oral traditions, embodying the history, spirituality, and identity of the Hawaiian people.
Mele: A traditional Hawaiian chant or song that often accompanies hula performances, used to convey stories or express feelings.
Oli: A type of Hawaiian chant that is performed without instruments and often serves a ceremonial purpose, connecting spiritual beliefs with cultural practices.
Kumu Hula: A hula teacher or master who imparts knowledge and skills related to hula and its cultural significance to students.
Lei-making is the traditional Hawaiian art of crafting garlands or wreaths using flowers, leaves, shells, and other natural materials. This practice symbolizes love, respect, and celebration, and is integral to various cultural ceremonies and gatherings in Hawaii, expressing deep connections to land and community.
Aloha: A Hawaiian term that embodies love, compassion, and peace, often expressed in lei-making as each lei represents a gesture of goodwill.
Haku: A specific technique in lei-making that involves weaving together plant materials, flowers, or leaves to create a more structured design.
Kukui Nut: A nut from the kukui tree that is often used in lei-making; it holds cultural significance and is associated with enlightenment and guidance.
Oral histories refer to the practice of collecting and preserving personal narratives and stories passed down through generations, often through spoken word. This form of storytelling is crucial for understanding cultural heritage, as it captures the experiences, beliefs, and traditions of a community, especially in societies where written records may be scarce or non-existent. Oral histories are especially important in preserving 'Ōlelo Hawai'i, as they convey the language, values, and historical perspectives of Hawaiian culture.
Kanaka Maoli: The Native Hawaiian people who have their own distinct culture, language, and history deeply rooted in the Hawaiian Islands.
Mo'olelo: A Hawaiian term that means stories or narratives, often encompassing legends, history, and personal anecdotes shared within a community.
Kupuna: Elders or ancestors in Hawaiian culture who hold wisdom and knowledge, often serving as primary sources for oral histories.
Aloha 'āina translates to 'love of the land' in Hawaiian and embodies a deep respect and connection to the land, culture, and community. This concept reflects the understanding that land is not just a physical space but is intertwined with identity, history, and spirituality. Aloha 'āina promotes stewardship, sustainability, and a sense of responsibility for the well-being of the environment and its resources, highlighting the integral role of the land in the Hawaiian way of life.
kuleana: Kuleana refers to a sense of responsibility or privilege regarding one’s relationship to land, family, and community, emphasizing the duty to care for and protect these connections.
mālama: Mālama means 'to take care of' or 'to preserve,' reflecting the Hawaiian value of nurturing and sustaining both the land and its people.
Hoʻoponopono: Hoʻoponopono is a traditional Hawaiian practice of reconciliation and forgiveness, often involving family discussions to restore harmony and balance within relationships.
Ecological knowledge refers to the understanding and awareness of the relationships between living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment. This type of knowledge encompasses insights into ecosystems, biodiversity, resource management, and sustainability practices that have been developed over generations, especially within indigenous cultures. It plays a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance and fostering sustainable practices that benefit both people and the environment.
Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK): A body of knowledge built by a group of people through generations of living in close contact with nature, which informs their understanding of local ecosystems and resource management.
Sustainability: The practice of using resources in a way that meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Biodiversity: The variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem, which is essential for maintaining ecosystem resilience and functionality.
The 1896 ban refers to the prohibition of the Hawaiian language in schools and official government business following the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy. This restriction had a profound impact on 'Ōlelo Hawai'i, leading to its decline and nearly erasing the use of the language in educational settings, which was integral to cultural transmission and identity among Hawaiians.
'Ōlelo Hawai'i: 'Ōlelo Hawai'i is the Hawaiian language, an essential part of Hawaiian culture and identity, which faced significant decline due to colonization and legislative restrictions like the 1896 ban.
Hawaiian Renaissance: A cultural revitalization movement that began in the late 20th century aimed at restoring Hawaiian traditions, language, and practices that were suppressed during periods of colonization.
Hawaiian Sovereignty: A movement advocating for the recognition of Hawaiian self-determination and restoration of rights to native Hawaiians, often linked to issues of language preservation and cultural identity.
English-medium education refers to a system of instruction where the primary language of teaching and learning is English. This approach has significant implications for students, especially in contexts where other languages, like 'Ōlelo Hawai'i, are also present. It can lead to a prioritization of English language skills while potentially marginalizing native languages and cultures, which is particularly relevant in discussions about the preservation and revitalization of Hawaiian language and identity.
'Ōlelo Hawai'i: 'Ōlelo Hawai'i is the Hawaiian language, which holds deep cultural significance and is an integral part of Hawaiian identity and heritage.
Language revitalization: Language revitalization is the process of promoting and increasing the use of a language that is at risk of falling out of use, often focusing on education and community engagement.
Bilingual education: Bilingual education is an instructional approach that uses two languages for teaching, promoting fluency in both the native language and a second language, typically English.
Urbanization is the process by which rural areas transform into urban areas, often characterized by population growth, increased infrastructure development, and the movement of people from countryside to cities. This phenomenon can lead to significant cultural and economic changes within a society, influencing everything from language use to social structures.
Suburbanization: The process of population movement from within cities to the outskirts or suburbs, often leading to the growth of suburban areas.
Industrialization: The development of industries in a country or region on a wide scale, often driving urbanization as people seek jobs in cities.
Migration: The movement of people from one place to another, which can be a key factor in urbanization as individuals relocate for better opportunities.
Modernization refers to the process of transformation that societies undergo as they adopt new technologies, ideas, and social structures, leading to changes in economic, political, and cultural systems. In the context of Hawaiian language and culture, modernization can influence the way 'Ōlelo Hawai'i is used, perceived, and taught, often leading to tensions between traditional practices and contemporary influences.
Cultural Assimilation: The process by which individuals or groups from one culture adopt the practices and beliefs of another culture, often losing aspects of their original culture in the process.
Globalization: The increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of countries through trade, communication, and cultural exchange, which can impact local languages and traditions.
'Ōlelo Hawai'i Revitalization: Efforts aimed at increasing the use and proficiency of the Hawaiian language in various domains of life, including education, media, and daily conversation.
Niihau is the smallest inhabited island in the Hawaiian archipelago, known as the 'Forbidden Island' due to its private ownership and limited access. This island is unique for its preservation of the Hawaiian language and culture, making it a critical point of interest in understanding both the geography of the islands and the ongoing efforts to maintain 'Ōlelo Hawai'i (Hawaiian Language) in modern society.
Kauai: The island located just northwest of Niihau, known for its lush landscapes and often referred to as the 'Garden Isle.'
'Ōlelo Hawai'i: The Hawaiian language, which plays a vital role in cultural identity and has seen a revival in recent years.
Hawaiian Homelands: Lands set aside by the Hawaiian government for native Hawaiians, reflecting efforts to preserve and promote Hawaiian culture and community.
The 1978 recognition refers to the formal acknowledgment of 'Ōlelo Hawai'i (Hawaiian language) as one of the official languages of the State of Hawaii, resulting from the Hawaiian Language Act. This pivotal moment helped revive and promote the use of Hawaiian language in education, government, and daily life, marking a significant step towards the preservation of Hawaiian culture and identity.
'Ōlelo Hawai'i: 'Ōlelo Hawai'i is the native Hawaiian language that carries deep cultural significance and is an integral part of Hawaiian identity and heritage.
Hawaiian Language Act: The Hawaiian Language Act was enacted in 1978, affirming the importance of Hawaiian language in education and government, and supporting its revitalization and usage.
Language Revitalization: Language revitalization refers to efforts aimed at increasing the number of speakers and promoting the use of a language that is endangered or declining, such as Hawaiian.
Pūnana leo refers to Hawaiian language immersion preschools designed to revitalize and promote 'Ōlelo Hawai'i among young children. These schools serve as a critical part of the effort to maintain Hawaiian culture and identity, emphasizing the importance of language in nurturing a connection to heritage and community.
'Ōlelo Hawai'i: 'Ōlelo Hawai'i is the Hawaiian language, an essential component of Hawaiian culture, which reflects the history, values, and traditions of the Hawaiian people.
Kula Kaiapuni: Kula Kaiapuni is a Hawaiian language immersion program for K-12 students that builds on the foundation provided by pūnana leo, continuing the use of 'Ōlelo Hawai'i in education.
Aloha ʻĀina: Aloha ʻĀina is a term expressing love for the land, embodying the deep connection between Hawaiian people and their environment, which is often taught in pūnana leo settings through cultural practices.
Hawaiian language media refers to various forms of communication, including television, radio, print, and digital platforms, that use 'Ōlelo Hawai'i (the Hawaiian language) as their primary medium. This type of media plays a crucial role in the revitalization and preservation of Hawaiian culture and language, providing resources for native speakers and learners alike.
Kākoʻo: A Hawaiian term meaning to support or promote, often used in the context of initiatives aimed at strengthening the use of the Hawaiian language.
Nā Leo Kākoʻo: A non-profit organization dedicated to promoting and providing resources for Hawaiian language media, helping to foster a vibrant community around 'Ōlelo Hawai'i.
'Ōlelo Hawai'i: 'Ōlelo Hawai'i is the native Hawaiian language, which is an official language of the State of Hawaii alongside English.