🏰World History – Before 1500 Unit 2 – Early Humans
Early humans evolved from primates in Africa, with the genus Homo emerging 2.5 million years ago. Key adaptations like bipedalism, larger brains, and tool use shaped our ancestors' development. The Paleolithic Era saw the rise of various human species and cultural innovations.
Homo sapiens emerged 300,000 years ago, developing language, art, and advanced tools. They migrated out of Africa, interacting with other human species. The transition to agriculture in the Neolithic Era marked a significant shift, leading to settled communities and complex societies.
Paleolithic Era (Old Stone Age) lasted from ~2.5 million years ago to ~10,000 BCE
Lower Paleolithic (2.5 million to 200,000 years ago) earliest stone tools and Homo habilis
Middle Paleolithic (200,000 to 40,000 years ago) more advanced tools, Neanderthals, and early Homo sapiens
Upper Paleolithic (40,000 to 10,000 years ago) modern humans, advanced tools, art, and cultural developments
Mesolithic Era (Middle Stone Age) transitional period between Paleolithic and Neolithic (~10,000 to 8,000 BCE)
Neolithic Era (New Stone Age) began ~10,000 BCE with the development of agriculture and settled communities
Key developments include bipedalism, tool use, language, fire control, migration out of Africa, and cultural innovations
Humans evolved from earlier hominins (Australopithecus) in Africa around 2.5 million years ago
Homo habilis, one of the earliest known species of the genus Homo, lived from ~2.3 to 1.4 million years ago
Early Human Origins and Evolution
Humans evolved from earlier primates in Africa, with the genus Homo emerging ~2.5 million years ago
Key evolutionary adaptations included bipedalism (walking upright), larger brains, and tool use
Homo habilis (2.3 to 1.4 million years ago) was one of the earliest known species of the genus Homo
Homo erectus (1.9 million to 143,000 years ago) was the first hominin to migrate out of Africa
Had larger brains and more advanced tools compared to earlier hominins
Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis) lived in Europe and Asia from ~400,000 to 40,000 years ago
Had advanced tools, lived in small groups, and had complex social structures
Homo sapiens (modern humans) emerged in Africa ~300,000 years ago and later migrated to other continents
Developed language, art, and more advanced tools and technologies
Tools and Technology
Early hominins used simple stone tools (Oldowan) for cutting, chopping, and scraping
Acheulean tools (1.7 million to 130,000 years ago) were more advanced, including hand axes and cleavers
Middle Paleolithic tools (Mousterian) were more specialized and included points, scrapers, and flakes
Upper Paleolithic tools were highly diverse and specialized, including blades, burins, and projectile points
Bone, antler, and ivory were also used to create tools and ornaments
Fire was controlled by Homo erectus ~1 million years ago, providing warmth, protection, and cooked food
Clothing, such as animal hides, was used for protection from the elements
Hunting technologies, such as spears and bows and arrows, improved food acquisition
Social Structure and Organization
Early hominins likely lived in small, mobile bands of 20-30 individuals
Neanderthals and early Homo sapiens had more complex social structures, with evidence of care for the injured and burial of the dead
Division of labor based on age and sex, with males typically hunting and females gathering and caring for offspring
Social bonds were reinforced through grooming, sharing of food, and cooperative activities
Language development allowed for more complex communication and social organization
Symbolic language may have emerged with Homo sapiens ~50,000 years ago
Kinship and family structures were important for social cohesion and resource sharing
Trade and exchange of resources (obsidian, shells) occurred between groups
Survival Strategies and Adaptations
Hunting and gathering were the primary means of food acquisition
Hunting of large game (mammoths, bison) and smaller animals (deer, rabbits)
Gathering of plants, fruits, and seeds
Scavenging of animal carcasses was also practiced, especially by early hominins
Adaptation to diverse environments (forests, grasslands, tundra) through clothing, shelter, and tools
Use of fire for warmth, protection, and cooking, which increased food options and nutrient absorption
Seasonal migration and following of animal herds for reliable food sources
Storage of food (dried meat, nuts) for times of scarcity
Cooperation and sharing of resources within and between groups for survival
Migration Patterns and Spread
Homo erectus was the first hominin to migrate out of Africa ~1.9 million years ago
Spread to Asia, Europe, and possibly Indonesia
Neanderthals inhabited Europe and parts of Asia from ~400,000 to 40,000 years ago
Homo sapiens migrated out of Africa in multiple waves, beginning ~70,000 years ago
Spread to the Middle East, Asia, Europe, Australia, and the Americas
Migration was influenced by factors such as climate change, population pressure, and the pursuit of resources
Coastal routes and land bridges (Bering Strait) facilitated the spread of humans across continents
Interaction and interbreeding between Homo sapiens and other hominins (Neanderthals, Denisovans) occurred in some regions
Cultural Developments
Art, such as cave paintings (Lascaux, Chauvet), figurines (Venus of Willendorf), and jewelry, emerged in the Upper Paleolithic
Reflected symbolic thinking, creativity, and possibly religious or magical beliefs
Music, as evidenced by bone flutes and other instruments, was part of Upper Paleolithic culture
Burial practices, such as the use of ochre and grave goods, suggest belief in an afterlife and social differentiation
Language and communication through symbols and abstract thought developed, enabling complex social interactions and cultural transmission
Regional variations in tool styles, art, and cultural practices emerged as human populations adapted to different environments
The development of agriculture and settled communities in the Neolithic Era marked a significant cultural shift
Impact on Later Civilizations
The legacy of Paleolithic and Neolithic innovations, such as tool-making, fire control, and agriculture, formed the basis for later technological developments
The spread of Homo sapiens across the globe set the stage for the development of diverse cultures and civilizations
Genetic inheritance from Neanderthals and Denisovans in some modern human populations influences health and adaptations
The transition to agriculture in the Neolithic Era led to population growth, specialization of labor, and the emergence of complex societies
The development of language, art, and symbolic thought in the Paleolithic Era laid the foundation for later cultural expressions and the transmission of knowledge
The migration patterns of early humans shaped the genetic and cultural diversity of modern human populations
The study of early human origins and prehistory provides insights into the shared heritage and evolution of humanity