World History – Before 1500

🏰World History – Before 1500 Unit 2 – Early Humans

Early humans evolved from primates in Africa, with the genus Homo emerging 2.5 million years ago. Key adaptations like bipedalism, larger brains, and tool use shaped our ancestors' development. The Paleolithic Era saw the rise of various human species and cultural innovations. Homo sapiens emerged 300,000 years ago, developing language, art, and advanced tools. They migrated out of Africa, interacting with other human species. The transition to agriculture in the Neolithic Era marked a significant shift, leading to settled communities and complex societies.

Key Concepts and Timeline

  • Paleolithic Era (Old Stone Age) lasted from ~2.5 million years ago to ~10,000 BCE
    • Lower Paleolithic (2.5 million to 200,000 years ago) earliest stone tools and Homo habilis
    • Middle Paleolithic (200,000 to 40,000 years ago) more advanced tools, Neanderthals, and early Homo sapiens
    • Upper Paleolithic (40,000 to 10,000 years ago) modern humans, advanced tools, art, and cultural developments
  • Mesolithic Era (Middle Stone Age) transitional period between Paleolithic and Neolithic (~10,000 to 8,000 BCE)
  • Neolithic Era (New Stone Age) began ~10,000 BCE with the development of agriculture and settled communities
  • Key developments include bipedalism, tool use, language, fire control, migration out of Africa, and cultural innovations
  • Humans evolved from earlier hominins (Australopithecus) in Africa around 2.5 million years ago
  • Homo habilis, one of the earliest known species of the genus Homo, lived from ~2.3 to 1.4 million years ago

Early Human Origins and Evolution

  • Humans evolved from earlier primates in Africa, with the genus Homo emerging ~2.5 million years ago
  • Key evolutionary adaptations included bipedalism (walking upright), larger brains, and tool use
  • Homo habilis (2.3 to 1.4 million years ago) was one of the earliest known species of the genus Homo
  • Homo erectus (1.9 million to 143,000 years ago) was the first hominin to migrate out of Africa
    • Had larger brains and more advanced tools compared to earlier hominins
  • Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis) lived in Europe and Asia from ~400,000 to 40,000 years ago
    • Had advanced tools, lived in small groups, and had complex social structures
  • Homo sapiens (modern humans) emerged in Africa ~300,000 years ago and later migrated to other continents
    • Developed language, art, and more advanced tools and technologies

Tools and Technology

  • Early hominins used simple stone tools (Oldowan) for cutting, chopping, and scraping
  • Acheulean tools (1.7 million to 130,000 years ago) were more advanced, including hand axes and cleavers
  • Middle Paleolithic tools (Mousterian) were more specialized and included points, scrapers, and flakes
  • Upper Paleolithic tools were highly diverse and specialized, including blades, burins, and projectile points
    • Bone, antler, and ivory were also used to create tools and ornaments
  • Fire was controlled by Homo erectus ~1 million years ago, providing warmth, protection, and cooked food
  • Clothing, such as animal hides, was used for protection from the elements
  • Hunting technologies, such as spears and bows and arrows, improved food acquisition

Social Structure and Organization

  • Early hominins likely lived in small, mobile bands of 20-30 individuals
  • Neanderthals and early Homo sapiens had more complex social structures, with evidence of care for the injured and burial of the dead
  • Division of labor based on age and sex, with males typically hunting and females gathering and caring for offspring
  • Social bonds were reinforced through grooming, sharing of food, and cooperative activities
  • Language development allowed for more complex communication and social organization
    • Symbolic language may have emerged with Homo sapiens ~50,000 years ago
  • Kinship and family structures were important for social cohesion and resource sharing
  • Trade and exchange of resources (obsidian, shells) occurred between groups

Survival Strategies and Adaptations

  • Hunting and gathering were the primary means of food acquisition
    • Hunting of large game (mammoths, bison) and smaller animals (deer, rabbits)
    • Gathering of plants, fruits, and seeds
  • Scavenging of animal carcasses was also practiced, especially by early hominins
  • Adaptation to diverse environments (forests, grasslands, tundra) through clothing, shelter, and tools
  • Use of fire for warmth, protection, and cooking, which increased food options and nutrient absorption
  • Seasonal migration and following of animal herds for reliable food sources
  • Storage of food (dried meat, nuts) for times of scarcity
  • Cooperation and sharing of resources within and between groups for survival

Migration Patterns and Spread

  • Homo erectus was the first hominin to migrate out of Africa ~1.9 million years ago
    • Spread to Asia, Europe, and possibly Indonesia
  • Neanderthals inhabited Europe and parts of Asia from ~400,000 to 40,000 years ago
  • Homo sapiens migrated out of Africa in multiple waves, beginning ~70,000 years ago
    • Spread to the Middle East, Asia, Europe, Australia, and the Americas
  • Migration was influenced by factors such as climate change, population pressure, and the pursuit of resources
  • Coastal routes and land bridges (Bering Strait) facilitated the spread of humans across continents
  • Interaction and interbreeding between Homo sapiens and other hominins (Neanderthals, Denisovans) occurred in some regions

Cultural Developments

  • Art, such as cave paintings (Lascaux, Chauvet), figurines (Venus of Willendorf), and jewelry, emerged in the Upper Paleolithic
    • Reflected symbolic thinking, creativity, and possibly religious or magical beliefs
  • Music, as evidenced by bone flutes and other instruments, was part of Upper Paleolithic culture
  • Burial practices, such as the use of ochre and grave goods, suggest belief in an afterlife and social differentiation
  • Language and communication through symbols and abstract thought developed, enabling complex social interactions and cultural transmission
  • Regional variations in tool styles, art, and cultural practices emerged as human populations adapted to different environments
  • The development of agriculture and settled communities in the Neolithic Era marked a significant cultural shift

Impact on Later Civilizations

  • The legacy of Paleolithic and Neolithic innovations, such as tool-making, fire control, and agriculture, formed the basis for later technological developments
  • The spread of Homo sapiens across the globe set the stage for the development of diverse cultures and civilizations
  • Genetic inheritance from Neanderthals and Denisovans in some modern human populations influences health and adaptations
  • The transition to agriculture in the Neolithic Era led to population growth, specialization of labor, and the emergence of complex societies
  • The development of language, art, and symbolic thought in the Paleolithic Era laid the foundation for later cultural expressions and the transmission of knowledge
  • The migration patterns of early humans shaped the genetic and cultural diversity of modern human populations
  • The study of early human origins and prehistory provides insights into the shared heritage and evolution of humanity


© 2024 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved.
AP® and SAT® are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse this website.

© 2024 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved.
AP® and SAT® are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse this website.