Protein synthesis is the biological process through which cells generate new proteins, crucial for various cellular functions and overall organism growth. This process involves two main stages: transcription, where genetic information from DNA is copied to messenger RNA (mRNA), and translation, where the mRNA is read by ribosomes to assemble amino acids into a polypeptide chain, ultimately forming a protein. Understanding protein synthesis is vital, as it connects the roles of amino acids and the structure of proteins, which determine their function in biological systems.