key term - Insulin Resistance

Definition

Insulin resistance is a condition where the body's cells become less responsive to insulin, a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels. This decreased sensitivity means that more insulin is needed to achieve the same effects on glucose uptake and metabolism. Over time, insulin resistance can lead to higher blood sugar levels and is closely linked to conditions such as type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Insulin resistance is often associated with obesity, particularly abdominal obesity, which increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
2. Physical inactivity and a diet high in refined carbohydrates and sugars can contribute to the development of insulin resistance.
3. Individuals with insulin resistance may experience symptoms such as fatigue, hunger, and difficulty concentrating due to fluctuating blood sugar levels.
4. Weight loss through diet and exercise has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity and lower blood sugar levels.
5. Insulin resistance can be assessed through various tests, including fasting insulin levels, glucose tolerance tests, and hemoglobin A1c measurements.

Review Questions

• How does insulin resistance affect glucose metabolism in the body?
  • Insulin resistance affects glucose metabolism by making cells less responsive to insulin's effects. When cells do not respond effectively to insulin, glucose is not taken up from the bloodstream efficiently, leading to elevated blood sugar levels. This means that even though insulin is present, its action is impaired, causing the pancreas to produce more insulin in an effort to compensate for this resistance.
• Discuss the relationship between obesity and insulin resistance in terms of metabolic health.
  • Obesity significantly contributes to the development of insulin resistance. Excess body fat, especially visceral fat around the abdomen, releases free fatty acids and inflammatory substances that impair insulin signaling pathways. This results in decreased glucose uptake by cells and higher circulating insulin levels. As obesity rates rise globally, so does the prevalence of insulin resistance and related metabolic disorders.
• Evaluate the long-term implications of untreated insulin resistance on overall health and well-being.
  • Untreated insulin resistance can lead to serious long-term health consequences such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other metabolic disorders. The chronic elevation of blood sugar can damage blood vessels and nerves over time, increasing the risk of complications like neuropathy, retinopathy, and kidney disease. Additionally, the presence of insulin resistance often correlates with other conditions like hypertension and dyslipidemia, further compounding health risks. Therefore, addressing insulin resistance early through lifestyle changes or medical interventions is critical for improving overall health outcomes.

Related terms

Type 2 Diabetes:

A chronic condition characterized by high blood sugar levels due to insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency.

Metabolic Syndrome:

A cluster of conditions including increased blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess body fat around the waist, and abnormal cholesterol levels that increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.

Glucose Tolerance Test: A test used to measure the body's response to sugar, indicating how well insulin works to lower blood glucose levels.