American exceptionalism is the idea that the United States is inherently different from other nations, often due to its unique origins, democratic ideals, and historical development. This belief suggests that America has a special mission to promote liberty and democracy globally, which has influenced its literature and political writings throughout history.
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The concept of American exceptionalism emerged in the early 19th century and was heavily influenced by the Puritan belief in a 'city upon a hill', suggesting that America had a unique role in promoting moral values.
Writings during the American Enlightenment celebrated reason and individual rights, reinforcing the notion that America was a beacon of freedom compared to European monarchies.
During the Revolutionary Era, literature and political writing emphasized the idea that the American revolution was not just a struggle for independence but a fight for universal principles of liberty and justice.
American exceptionalism has often been used to justify interventionist foreign policy, suggesting that the U.S. has a responsibility to spread democracy and freedom abroad.
Critics argue that American exceptionalism can lead to an overly simplistic view of history that ignores the country's flaws and challenges, including issues of inequality and injustice.
Review Questions
How did the Puritan beliefs influence the early development of American exceptionalism?
Puritan beliefs played a crucial role in shaping the concept of American exceptionalism by promoting the idea that America had a divine mission to be a model society. The Puritans viewed themselves as chosen people with a responsibility to create a 'city upon a hill,' which became a metaphor for America's role in the world. This sense of purpose laid the groundwork for future interpretations of American identity as distinct and morally superior.
In what ways did Enlightenment ideas contribute to the notion of American exceptionalism during the Revolutionary Era?
Enlightenment ideas contributed significantly to American exceptionalism by advocating for reason, individual rights, and democratic governance. Writers during this time argued that America's break from British rule was not just about independence but about establishing a society grounded in universal principles of liberty and justice. This intellectual backdrop helped solidify the belief that America was fundamentally different from other nations, marking it as an example for others to follow.
Evaluate how American exceptionalism has shaped U.S. foreign policy and public perception on both national and global levels.
American exceptionalism has profoundly influenced U.S. foreign policy by fostering an interventionist approach aimed at spreading democracy and freedom worldwide. This belief often leads to viewing America as a global leader with a unique moral obligation to intervene in conflicts or support democratic movements. However, this perspective can also create tension with other nations that perceive such actions as imperialistic or hypocritical, complicating America's role on the global stage. Additionally, domestically, this idea shapes public perception by promoting pride in national identity while sometimes glossing over historical injustices.
Related terms
Manifest Destiny: The 19th-century belief that Americans were destined to expand across North America, often justified by the idea of American exceptionalism.
Democracy: A system of government where the citizens exercise power by voting, which is often highlighted as a core aspect of American identity.
Puritan Ethos: A set of values brought by early settlers that emphasized hard work, moral integrity, and a sense of mission, contributing to the notion of American exceptionalism.