key term - Secretary of War Edwin Stanton

Definition

Edwin Stanton was the Secretary of War under President Abraham Lincoln and later under Andrew Johnson during the critical period of Reconstruction following the Civil War. His role was pivotal in overseeing the military aspects of Reconstruction and implementing policies aimed at protecting the rights of newly freed slaves, as well as ensuring the stability of the southern states during their transition back to the Union.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Edwin Stanton played a crucial role in managing the military during Reconstruction, overseeing troops stationed in the South to maintain order and enforce new laws.
2. His strong advocacy for civil rights and protections for freedmen put him at odds with President Andrew Johnson, leading to tensions within the administration.
3. Stanton's dismissal by Johnson in 1868 was a key event that led to Johnson's impeachment trial, as it violated the Tenure of Office Act.
4. After his removal, Stanton became a symbol of the struggle for civil rights during Reconstruction and the broader conflict between Congress and the presidency.
5. Stanton's efforts significantly shaped policies related to military governance in Southern states and influenced legislation aimed at promoting equality and justice for African Americans.

Review Questions

• How did Edwin Stanton's actions as Secretary of War impact the implementation of Reconstruction policies?
  • Edwin Stanton's actions as Secretary of War were instrumental in enforcing Reconstruction policies, particularly through his management of military forces in the South. He supported the Reconstruction Act of 1867, which mandated military oversight of Southern states and aimed to protect the rights of newly freed slaves. His strong stance on civil rights often brought him into conflict with President Johnson, highlighting the contentious relationship between executive power and congressional authority during this period.
• Evaluate how Stanton's dismissal contributed to Andrew Johnson's impeachment process.
  • Stanton's dismissal was a direct violation of the Tenure of Office Act, which required Senate approval for removing certain officials from office. This act was passed by Congress to limit Johnson's power, and when he removed Stanton without consent, it ignited a political firestorm. His firing not only showcased Johnson's disregard for congressional authority but also galvanized Republican lawmakers to move forward with impeachment proceedings, ultimately leading to Johnson's trial in 1868.
• Analyze the broader implications of Edwin Stanton's tenure as Secretary of War on civil rights during Reconstruction.
  • Edwin Stanton's tenure as Secretary of War had significant implications for civil rights during Reconstruction. His commitment to protecting the rights of African Americans aligned with Congressional goals, creating tension with Andrew Johnson, who favored a more lenient approach towards the South. Stanton’s support for military intervention in enforcing civil rights laws helped ensure that some measures were implemented, despite local resistance. His actions set a precedent for federal involvement in state affairs regarding civil rights, influencing future legislation and discussions about racial equality in America.

Related terms

Reconstruction Act of 1867:

Legislation that laid out the process for readmitting Southern states into the Union, including military oversight and requirements for establishing new state governments.

Tenure of Office Act:

A law that restricted the president's power to remove certain officeholders without the Senate's approval, which was a significant factor in the impeachment proceedings against Andrew Johnson.

Freedmen's Bureau:

A federal agency established to aid freed slaves and poor whites in the South by providing food, housing, education, and medical care during Reconstruction.