key term - John L. O'Sullivan

Definition

John L. O'Sullivan was a journalist and editor in the mid-19th century, best known for coining the term 'Manifest Destiny' in 1845. His writings promoted the idea that the United States was destined to expand across the North American continent, embodying the belief that this expansion was not only beneficial but divinely ordained.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. O'Sullivan's phrase 'Manifest Destiny' was first used in an article about the annexation of Texas, framing it as a moral obligation for Americans.
2. He argued that it was the United States' duty to spread democracy and civilization, reflecting the era's prevalent notions of racial superiority.
3. O'Sullivan's writings were influential in justifying U.S. territorial expansion, including the acquisition of Oregon and California.
4. His ideas contributed to a sense of nationalism and unity among Americans, even as they clashed with indigenous peoples and other nations.
5. O'Sullivan's concept of Manifest Destiny played a crucial role in shaping American foreign policy and attitudes towards expansionism in the 19th century.

Review Questions

• How did John L. O'Sullivan's concept of Manifest Destiny influence American attitudes toward territorial expansion?
  • O'Sullivan's concept of Manifest Destiny shaped American attitudes by promoting the belief that expansion across North America was not only inevitable but also a divine right. This perspective fostered a sense of national pride and entitlement, encouraging many Americans to support territorial acquisitions such as Texas and Oregon. It also rationalized actions taken against Native Americans and other nations, framing these expansions as a moral duty rather than mere land grabbing.
• In what ways did O'Sullivan's views reflect broader societal beliefs during the mid-19th century?
  • O'Sullivan's views mirrored broader societal beliefs in American exceptionalism and the perceived superiority of American democracy over other forms of government. His writing tapped into themes of nationalism and manifest destiny, suggesting that it was America's fate to lead and civilize others. This mindset resonated with many Americans who believed that their nation had a unique mission, influencing public opinion and policy decisions regarding expansion.
• Evaluate the impact of John L. O'Sullivan's ideas on U.S. foreign policy during the 19th century and their long-term consequences.
  • John L. O'Sullivan's ideas had a profound impact on U.S. foreign policy by legitimizing aggressive territorial expansion as both a political strategy and a moral imperative. His articulation of Manifest Destiny fueled actions like the annexation of Texas and the Mexican-American War, leading to significant territorial gains for the United States. Long-term, this contributed to ongoing conflicts over land, issues related to slavery, and tensions with indigenous populations, ultimately shaping America's trajectory as a continental power while laying foundations for future foreign policy debates.

Related terms

Manifest Destiny:

The 19th-century doctrine that the expansion of the United States throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable.

American Exceptionalism:

The belief that the United States is inherently different from other nations, often viewed as having a unique mission to spread democracy and freedom.

Annexation:

The process of adding territory to a country, which was a significant aspect of U.S. expansion during the 19th century.