Labeling is assigning a category or name (often called a "label") to someone based on their behaviors or characteristics. In psychology, this can refer both positively and negatively - for example labeling someone as "intelligent" because they do well in school, or "lazy" because they don't complete tasks quickly.
This is assuming all people within certain groups share the same characteristics – it’s like an overgeneralized form of labeling.
Stigma: Stigma is negative attitudes and beliefs towards people who fall into certain categories (labels).
Self-fulfilling Prophecy: This occurs when our expectations about others lead them to behave in ways that confirm those expectations - often linked with labeling.