key term - India under British Control

Definition

India under British Control refers to the period of British colonial rule in India from the mid-18th century until 1947, marked by the establishment of the British East India Company's dominance followed by direct British government rule after the Indian Rebellion of 1857. This era significantly transformed India's economy, society, and political landscape, and was pivotal in the context of global market expansion and trade.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The British East India Company gradually expanded its influence in India through military conquest and alliances, effectively ruling large parts of the country by the early 19th century.
2. After the Sepoy Mutiny in 1857, the British government dissolved the East India Company and established direct rule over India, known as the British Raj.
3. The introduction of cash crops and changes in land revenue systems disrupted traditional agricultural practices and led to famines during this period.
4. Railways, telegraphs, and other infrastructure developments were introduced by the British to enhance trade efficiency but also facilitated control over Indian territories.
5. The rise of nationalist movements in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was fueled by discontent with British policies, ultimately leading to India's independence in 1947.

Review Questions

• How did the British East India Company establish its control over India, and what strategies did it use?
  • The British East India Company established control over India through a combination of military force, strategic alliances, and exploitation of existing divisions among Indian states. The Company used its private army to defeat local rulers and expand its territory while also negotiating treaties that favored its interests. By implementing policies that weakened local economies and fostering dependency on British goods, the Company effectively maintained dominance over vast regions of India.
• Discuss the impacts of the Sepoy Mutiny on British governance in India and its subsequent political implications.
  • The Sepoy Mutiny had significant impacts on British governance in India as it led to a complete overhaul of colonial administration. In response to the rebellion, the British government dissolved the British East India Company and established direct control over India through the British Raj. This shift not only altered administrative structures but also intensified racial divides and shaped future policies toward Indian governance, paving the way for increased resistance movements among Indians seeking independence.
• Evaluate the economic effects of British rule on India and how these factors contributed to nationalist sentiments leading up to independence.
  • British rule had profound economic effects on India, including significant changes in agriculture and industry that disrupted traditional practices. The introduction of cash crops for export led to famines while local industries suffered due to competition with British manufactured goods. These economic hardships fostered resentment among Indians, contributing to nationalist sentiments. As economic exploitation continued, it united various groups against colonial rule, ultimately fueling movements that sought independence from oppressive policies imposed by Britain.

Related terms

British East India Company:

A trading company established in 1600 that played a crucial role in the expansion of British trade and control over India, eventually becoming the de facto ruler before the British Crown took direct control.

Sepoy Mutiny:

A widespread and violent rebellion against British rule in India in 1857, which led to the end of the British East India Company's governance and the establishment of direct rule by the British Crown.

Indian National Congress: A political party founded in 1885 that became a key player in India's struggle for independence from British rule, advocating for civil rights and self-governance.