intro to psychology unit 13 study guides

What's I/O Psychology?

• Industrial-Organizational Psychology (I/O Psychology) applies psychological principles and research methods to the workplace
• Focuses on increasing workplace productivity and related issues such as the physical and mental well-being of employees
• Involves studying worker attitudes and behavior and how these can be improved through hiring practices, training programs, feedback, and management systems
• I/O psychologists work in a variety of settings (businesses, factories, labor unions, government, colleges)
• Two main branches of I/O psychology:
  • Industrial psychology concentrates on the management of human resources, including employee selection, training, performance appraisal, and job design
  • Organizational psychology focuses on understanding behavior within organizations and helping them function more effectively
• Utilizes scientific methods to study the workplace (surveys, experiments, observational studies)
• Aims to create a better work environment, increase job satisfaction, and improve the overall well-being of employees

Key Theories and Concepts

• Motivation theories examine factors that drive employee behavior and performance
  • Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs suggests that people are motivated by five basic categories of needs (physiological, safety, love, esteem, self-actualization)
  • Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory distinguishes between motivators (achievement, recognition) and hygiene factors (salary, working conditions)
• Leadership theories explore different styles and approaches to leading and influencing others
  • Trait theories propose that effective leaders share common characteristics (intelligence, self-confidence, integrity)
  • Behavioral theories focus on specific behaviors that differentiate leaders (task-oriented vs. people-oriented behaviors)
  • Contingency theories suggest that the optimal leadership style depends on the situation
• Organizational culture refers to the shared values, beliefs, and norms that shape behavior within an organization
• Person-environment fit examines the compatibility between individuals and their work environments
  • Includes person-job fit (match between individual skills and job requirements) and person-organization fit (congruence between individual and organizational values)
• Job characteristics model identifies five core job dimensions (skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, feedback) that influence employee motivation and satisfaction
• Psychological contract refers to the unwritten expectations and obligations between an employer and employee

Workplace Behavior

• Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) refers to discretionary actions that go beyond formal job requirements and contribute to organizational effectiveness
• Counterproductive work behavior (CWB) includes actions that harm the organization or its members (theft, sabotage, aggression)
• Absenteeism and presenteeism both impact productivity
  • Absenteeism is the habitual pattern of absence from work
  • Presenteeism occurs when employees are present at work but not fully functioning due to illness, stress, or other distractions
• Employee engagement reflects the level of commitment, involvement, and satisfaction an individual has with their work and organization
• Occupational stress arises from various factors (workload, role ambiguity, lack of control) and can lead to burnout if not managed effectively
• Conflict management strategies (avoidance, accommodation, competition, collaboration) are used to handle disagreements and tensions in the workplace
• Effective communication is essential for sharing information, building relationships, and coordinating activities within organizations

Talent Management

• Recruitment and selection involve attracting and choosing qualified candidates for job openings
  • Recruitment sources can be internal (promotions, transfers) or external (advertisements, job fairs, employee referrals)
  • Selection methods may include resumes, interviews, cognitive ability tests, personality assessments, and work samples
• Onboarding refers to the process of integrating new employees into the organization and preparing them for success in their roles
• Training and development programs help employees acquire new skills, knowledge, and abilities to improve job performance
  • Types of training include on-the-job training, classroom instruction, e-learning, and simulations
  • Development focuses on preparing employees for future roles and responsibilities
• Performance appraisal is the process of evaluating an employee's job performance and providing feedback
  • Methods can be trait-based (rating scales), behavior-based (critical incidents), or results-based (management by objectives)
  • 360-degree feedback involves collecting performance evaluations from multiple sources (supervisors, peers, subordinates, self)
• Succession planning identifies and develops high-potential employees to fill key leadership positions in the future
• Employee retention strategies aim to reduce turnover and keep valued employees within the organization
  • Includes factors such as competitive compensation, work-life balance, career development opportunities, and a positive organizational culture

Organizational Development

• Organizational development (OD) is a planned, systematic approach to improving organizational effectiveness and health
• Action research model involves collaborating with organizations to diagnose problems, plan interventions, take action, and evaluate results
• Organizational change can be planned (proactive) or unplanned (reactive) and involves moving an organization from its current state to a desired future state
  • Change management strategies help organizations navigate the change process and overcome resistance
• Team building interventions focus on improving team performance and cohesion
  • Includes activities such as goal setting, role clarification, interpersonal relationship building, and problem-solving
• Organizational culture change initiatives aim to shift the shared values, beliefs, and norms within an organization
• Organizational learning refers to the process of creating, retaining, and transferring knowledge within an organization
• Appreciative inquiry is a strengths-based approach to organizational change that focuses on identifying and building upon what an organization does well

Performance and Productivity

• Job performance refers to the effectiveness with which an employee accomplishes their work goals and contributes to organizational success
• Productivity measures the efficiency of production and is often expressed as the ratio of outputs to inputs
• Goal setting theory proposes that specific, challenging goals lead to higher performance than easy or vague goals
  • SMART goals are Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound
• Feedback provides information about an employee's performance and can be used to reinforce desired behaviors, correct problems, and guide future actions
• Incentives and rewards (bonuses, promotions, recognition) can be used to motivate employees and reinforce high performance
• Job design strategies (job rotation, job enlargement, job enrichment) can be used to increase variety, meaning, and autonomy in work tasks
• Work-life balance practices (flexible schedules, telecommuting, family-friendly policies) help employees manage the demands of work and personal life, leading to increased job satisfaction and productivity

Challenges and Ethics

• Diversity and inclusion initiatives aim to create a workplace that values and respects individual differences (race, gender, age, religion, sexual orientation)
  • Challenges include overcoming bias, discrimination, and harassment
• Globalization presents challenges for I/O psychologists working with multicultural teams and organizations operating in different countries
  • Requires understanding cultural differences in values, communication styles, and work practices
• Technology is changing the nature of work and presenting new challenges for employee well-being and performance
  • Issues include technostress, information overload, and the blurring of work-life boundaries
• Ethical considerations are critical in I/O psychology practice
  • Includes maintaining confidentiality, obtaining informed consent, avoiding harm, and promoting fairness and social responsibility
• I/O psychologists must navigate the sometimes competing interests of employees, employers, and society
• Ethical decision-making frameworks (utilitarianism, deontology, virtue ethics) can guide I/O psychologists in resolving ethical dilemmas
• Professional codes of conduct (APA, SIOP) provide standards for ethical behavior in research and practice

Real-World Applications

• Employee selection systems help organizations identify and hire the best candidates for job openings
  • Example: Developing and validating a selection battery that includes cognitive ability tests, personality assessments, and structured interviews
• Leadership development programs prepare individuals for leadership roles and help them develop essential skills and competencies
  • Example: Designing a leadership training program that includes modules on communication, decision-making, and emotional intelligence
• Organizational culture change initiatives help organizations align their culture with their strategy and values
  • Example: Conducting a culture assessment and implementing interventions to promote a culture of innovation and collaboration
• Diversity and inclusion programs create a workplace that values and leverages individual differences
  • Example: Developing a diversity training program and implementing policies to promote equal opportunity and prevent discrimination
• Performance management systems help organizations set goals, provide feedback, and evaluate employee performance
  • Example: Designing a performance appraisal system that includes goal setting, 360-degree feedback, and development planning
• Employee engagement surveys measure the level of employee commitment and satisfaction and identify areas for improvement
  • Example: Conducting an engagement survey and using the results to develop action plans for increasing employee involvement and reducing turnover
• Organizational development interventions help organizations adapt to change and improve their effectiveness
  • Example: Facilitating a team-building intervention to improve communication and collaboration among cross-functional teams