Washington's LGBTQ+ rights movement has a rich history, from early discrimination to significant legal victories. The state's journey reflects broader societal changes, with key milestones including the repeal of sodomy laws, anti-discrimination protections, and marriage equality.
Today, Washington is considered progressive in LGBTQ+ rights, but challenges remain. Ongoing issues include addressing youth homelessness, improving rural support services, and combating subtle forms of discrimination. The state's experience offers insights into the evolving landscape of civil rights and equality.
Early LGBTQ+ history in Washington
- Washington State's LGBTQ+ history spans centuries, reflecting broader societal changes and civil rights struggles
- Early LGBTQ+ communities in Washington played a crucial role in shaping the state's cultural and political landscape
- Understanding this history provides context for the evolution of LGBTQ+ rights and acceptance in the state
Pre-statehood LGBTQ+ presence
Top images from around the web for Pre-statehood LGBTQ+ presence
The Oil Drum | The Bakken Boom - A Modern-Day Gold Rush View original
Is this image relevant?
Two-spirit (2) by Pride-Flags on DeviantArt View original
Is this image relevant?
Chapter 12. Gender, Sex, and Sexuality – Introduction to Sociology – 2nd Canadian Edition View original
Is this image relevant?
The Oil Drum | The Bakken Boom - A Modern-Day Gold Rush View original
Is this image relevant?
Two-spirit (2) by Pride-Flags on DeviantArt View original
Is this image relevant?
1 of 3
Top images from around the web for Pre-statehood LGBTQ+ presence
The Oil Drum | The Bakken Boom - A Modern-Day Gold Rush View original
Is this image relevant?
Two-spirit (2) by Pride-Flags on DeviantArt View original
Is this image relevant?
Chapter 12. Gender, Sex, and Sexuality – Introduction to Sociology – 2nd Canadian Edition View original
Is this image relevant?
The Oil Drum | The Bakken Boom - A Modern-Day Gold Rush View original
Is this image relevant?
Two-spirit (2) by Pride-Flags on DeviantArt View original
Is this image relevant?
1 of 3
- Native American tribes in the region recognized diverse gender identities (Two-Spirit individuals)
- Early European settlers brought their own cultural attitudes towards same-sex relationships
- Gold Rush era saw increased visibility of LGBTQ+ individuals in frontier towns
- Some same-sex partnerships formed discreetly, often under the guise of roommates or business partners
Impact of urbanization
- Growth of cities like Seattle and Spokane created spaces for LGBTQ+ communities to form
- Urban centers offered relative anonymity and opportunities for LGBTQ+ individuals to connect
- Emergence of underground bars and social clubs catering to LGBTQ+ patrons (The Double Header in Seattle)
- Urbanization facilitated the formation of support networks and early advocacy groups
Legal discrimination and oppression
- Washington's legal framework historically discriminated against LGBTQ+ individuals, reflecting broader societal attitudes
- Legal oppression significantly impacted LGBTQ+ lives, limiting their rights and freedoms
- Understanding this history is crucial for contextualizing the subsequent fight for equality
Sodomy laws in Washington
- Washington criminalized same-sex sexual activity through sodomy laws until 1975
- These laws were used to persecute and arrest LGBTQ+ individuals
- Enforcement of sodomy laws varied, often used as a tool for harassment and discrimination
- Legal challenges to sodomy laws began in the 1960s, leading to their eventual repeal
Employment discrimination
- LGBTQ+ individuals faced widespread job discrimination without legal protections
- Many were fired or denied employment based on their sexual orientation or gender identity
- Government agencies, including the military, actively discriminated against LGBTQ+ employees (Lavender Scare)
- Lack of employment protections led to economic hardship and closeted lives for many LGBTQ+ Washingtonians
Housing discrimination
- Landlords could legally refuse to rent to LGBTQ+ individuals and couples
- Many LGBTQ+ people faced eviction if their identity was discovered
- Discrimination in housing led to the formation of LGBTQ+ neighborhoods in urban areas (Capitol Hill in Seattle)
- Lack of housing protections contributed to homelessness among LGBTQ+ youth and adults
LGBTQ+ rights movement
- Washington's LGBTQ+ rights movement emerged as part of the broader national civil rights struggle
- Activists in the state played a significant role in advancing LGBTQ+ rights locally and nationally
- The movement's evolution reflects changing societal attitudes and legal landscapes
Activism in Seattle vs rural areas
- Seattle became a hub for LGBTQ+ activism, with a more visible and organized community
- Rural areas faced unique challenges, including isolation and conservative attitudes
- Urban activists often focused on policy changes, while rural efforts centered on community building
- Collaboration between urban and rural activists strengthened the statewide movement
Key organizations and leaders
- Seattle's Dorian Society, founded in 1967, was one of the first gay rights organizations in the state
- Hands Off Washington formed in 1993 to combat anti-LGBTQ+ initiatives
- Equal Rights Washington, established in 2004, became a leading advocacy group
- Notable leaders included Cal Anderson, first openly gay state legislator, and Marsha Botzer, transgender rights activist
Pride parades and demonstrations
- Seattle's first Pride parade took place in 1974, marking a turning point in visibility
- Annual Pride events spread to other cities, including Spokane and Olympia
- Demonstrations against discriminatory policies occurred throughout the state (protests against Initiative 677)
- Pride events evolved from protests to celebrations, reflecting progress in LGBTQ+ rights
Legal milestones
- Washington's legal landscape for LGBTQ+ rights has undergone significant changes over the decades
- These milestones reflect the persistent efforts of activists and changing societal attitudes
- Understanding these legal changes provides insight into the progress of civil rights in the state
Decriminalization of homosexuality
- Washington repealed its sodomy laws in 1975, ahead of many other states
- Decriminalization removed the threat of arrest for consensual same-sex relationships
- This legal change paved the way for more open LGBTQ+ communities and advocacy
- Challenges to enforcement of sodomy laws continued until the U.S. Supreme Court's Lawrence v. Texas decision in 2003
Anti-discrimination laws
- Seattle passed one of the nation's first LGBTQ+ anti-discrimination ordinances in 1975
- Washington State enacted a comprehensive anti-discrimination law including sexual orientation in 2006
- Gender identity was explicitly added to state anti-discrimination protections in 2009
- These laws prohibited discrimination in employment, housing, and public accommodations
Domestic partnerships vs marriage
- Washington introduced domestic partnerships for same-sex couples in 2007
- Domestic partnerships initially offered limited rights compared to marriage
- The "everything but marriage" law in 2009 expanded domestic partnership rights
- Debate over domestic partnerships vs full marriage equality continued until 2012
Marriage equality in Washington
- The fight for marriage equality in Washington was a pivotal moment in the state's LGBTQ+ rights movement
- This issue galvanized activists and sparked intense public debate
- The outcome of this struggle had far-reaching implications for LGBTQ+ families and society at large
Referendum 74
- Washington legislature passed a same-sex marriage bill in February 2012
- Opponents gathered signatures to put the issue to a public vote (Referendum 74)
- The referendum campaign saw extensive grassroots organizing and public education efforts
- On November 6, 2012, Washington voters approved Referendum 74, legalizing same-sex marriage
Implementation and impact
- Same-sex marriages began on December 9, 2012, with many couples marrying that day
- Marriage equality provided legal protections and recognition for LGBTQ+ families
- Economic impact included increased wedding-related business and tourism
- Social impact involved greater visibility and acceptance of LGBTQ+ relationships
Federal recognition
- Washington same-sex marriages initially lacked federal recognition due to the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA)
- The U.S. Supreme Court struck down part of DOMA in 2013 (United States v. Windsor)
- Full federal recognition came with the Obergefell v. Hodges decision in 2015
- Federal recognition ensured equal treatment in areas like taxes, immigration, and federal benefits
LGBTQ+ rights in education
- Education has been a key battleground for LGBTQ+ rights in Washington
- Efforts in this area aim to create safe and inclusive learning environments for all students
- Educational policies and practices significantly impact LGBTQ+ youth experiences and outcomes
Curriculum inclusion
- Washington has gradually increased LGBTQ+ content in school curricula
- The state adopted inclusive sexual health education standards in 2020
- LGBTQ+ history and contributions are increasingly incorporated into social studies classes
- Curriculum inclusion faces ongoing challenges from some parents and community groups
Anti-bullying policies
- Washington passed comprehensive anti-bullying legislation in 2002, updated in 2010
- These laws explicitly protect students based on sexual orientation and gender identity
- School districts are required to implement and enforce anti-bullying policies
- Training programs for educators on LGBTQ+ issues and bullying prevention have been developed
Gender-inclusive facilities
- Washington State issued guidelines for transgender student inclusion in 2012
- These guidelines address issues like bathroom and locker room access
- Many school districts have adopted policies allowing students to use facilities matching their gender identity
- Implementation of gender-inclusive facilities has sometimes faced community opposition
Transgender rights in Washington
- Transgender rights have gained increased attention and support in Washington in recent years
- The state has implemented various policies to protect and affirm transgender individuals
- Challenges and areas for improvement in transgender rights continue to be addressed
Legal recognition of gender identity
- Washington allows individuals to change gender markers on birth certificates without surgery since 2018
- Driver's licenses and state IDs offer a non-binary "X" gender option as of 2018
- Name change processes have been simplified for transgender individuals
- Legal recognition impacts various aspects of life, from employment to healthcare access
Healthcare access and coverage
- Washington law prohibits health insurance discrimination based on gender identity since 2015
- Medicaid in Washington covers gender-affirming care, including surgeries, since 2015
- Many private employers in the state now offer transgender-inclusive health insurance
- Challenges remain in rural areas and for specific treatments not covered by all plans
Workplace protections
- Washington explicitly protects transgender individuals from workplace discrimination
- Employers must allow employees to use facilities consistent with their gender identity
- Guidelines for supporting transitioning employees have been developed
- Ongoing education efforts aim to create more inclusive workplace cultures
Intersectionality in LGBTQ+ rights
- Intersectionality recognizes the complex interplay of multiple identities and forms of discrimination
- Washington's LGBTQ+ community reflects diverse experiences based on race, class, and geography
- Understanding intersectionality is crucial for addressing the full spectrum of LGBTQ+ needs and challenges
Race and LGBTQ+ identity
- LGBTQ+ people of color face unique challenges and forms of discrimination
- Organizations like Entre Hermanos in Seattle address the needs of Latinx LGBTQ+ individuals
- Historical erasure of LGBTQ+ people of color's contributions to the movement is being addressed
- Efforts to increase representation of LGBTQ+ people of color in leadership roles are ongoing
Economic disparities
- LGBTQ+ individuals, especially transgender people, face higher rates of poverty and unemployment
- Access to healthcare and housing is impacted by economic status within the LGBTQ+ community
- Some LGBTQ+ youth face homelessness due to family rejection, affecting their economic prospects
- Initiatives to address economic disparities include job training programs and anti-discrimination enforcement
Rural vs urban experiences
- LGBTQ+ individuals in rural Washington often have less access to community resources and support
- Urban areas like Seattle offer more LGBTQ+-specific services and larger communities
- Rural LGBTQ+ youth may face greater isolation and lack of visible role models
- Efforts to bridge the urban-rural divide include online support networks and rural pride events
Contemporary issues
- While Washington has made significant progress in LGBTQ+ rights, several challenges remain
- Addressing these issues requires ongoing advocacy, education, and policy changes
- Contemporary LGBTQ+ issues in Washington reflect both local concerns and national trends
Conversion therapy bans
- Washington banned conversion therapy for minors in 2018
- The ban applies to licensed mental health professionals
- Enforcement and education about the ban's importance are ongoing
- Some religious organizations continue to promote conversion practices, highlighting the need for continued vigilance
LGBTQ+ youth homelessness
- LGBTQ+ youth are overrepresented in Washington's homeless population
- Family rejection and discrimination contribute to higher rates of homelessness
- Organizations like YouthCare in Seattle provide targeted services for LGBTQ+ homeless youth
- Efforts to prevent homelessness include family reconciliation programs and school-based support
Ongoing discrimination challenges
- Despite legal protections, LGBTQ+ individuals still face discrimination in various settings
- Transgender individuals continue to experience high rates of harassment and violence
- Religious exemptions to anti-discrimination laws remain a contentious issue
- Addressing subtle forms of discrimination and promoting cultural change are ongoing challenges
Washington vs other states
- Washington's approach to LGBTQ+ rights can be compared to other states' policies
- This comparison provides context for understanding Washington's progress and areas for improvement
- Examining other states' experiences can inform future policy decisions in Washington
Progressive policies comparison
- Washington ranks among the more progressive states for LGBTQ+ rights (Human Rights Campaign State Equality Index)
- The state's non-discrimination laws are more comprehensive than many other states
- Washington's transgender healthcare coverage is more inclusive than most states
- Early adoption of marriage equality placed Washington ahead of many states
Areas for improvement
- Addressing LGBTQ+ youth homelessness remains a challenge compared to some states
- Improving rural LGBTQ+ services and support lags behind some other states' efforts
- Enhancing LGBTQ+ inclusive education could be strengthened to match leading states
- Continued vigilance against potential rollbacks of rights is necessary, as seen in other states
Key Terms to Review (33)
Gender-inclusive facilities: Gender-inclusive facilities are spaces that accommodate individuals of all gender identities, allowing access to restrooms, locker rooms, and other areas without restrictions based on gender. These facilities promote equality and safety, addressing the needs of transgender and non-binary individuals who may not feel comfortable using traditional gender-segregated spaces.
Entre hermanos: Entre hermanos is a phrase that translates to 'among brothers' and is often used to describe the solidarity and support found within LGBTQ+ communities. This term emphasizes the importance of brotherhood, unity, and shared experiences among individuals who identify as part of the LGBTQ+ spectrum, particularly in relation to their struggles for acceptance and rights.
Youthcare: Youthcare refers to a holistic approach to providing support and services to young people, particularly those who are vulnerable or at risk. This concept emphasizes the importance of fostering safe, supportive environments that promote healthy development, well-being, and positive outcomes for youth. In the context of LGBTQ+ rights, youthcare becomes crucial as it addresses the unique challenges faced by LGBTQ+ youth, ensuring they receive the necessary resources and advocacy to thrive.
Obergefell v. Hodges: Obergefell v. Hodges is a landmark Supreme Court case decided in 2015 that ruled same-sex marriage is a constitutional right under the Fourteenth Amendment. This decision was pivotal in advancing LGBTQ+ rights, ensuring that same-sex couples have the same legal recognition and protections as opposite-sex couples, fundamentally changing the landscape of marriage equality in the United States.
United States v. Windsor: United States v. Windsor was a landmark Supreme Court case decided in 2013 that struck down a key provision of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), which denied federal recognition of same-sex marriages. This case played a crucial role in advancing LGBTQ+ rights by affirming that the federal government could not discriminate against same-sex couples legally married in their states, signaling a shift towards greater equality under the law.
Defense of Marriage Act: The Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) was a federal law enacted in 1996 that defined marriage for federal purposes as the union between one man and one woman. It aimed to deny federal recognition of same-sex marriages and allowed states to refuse to recognize same-sex marriages performed in other states. DOMA significantly impacted LGBTQ+ rights by reinforcing discriminatory practices against same-sex couples in various legal and financial areas.
Lawrence v. Texas: Lawrence v. Texas was a landmark Supreme Court case decided in 2003 that struck down laws criminalizing consensual homosexual conduct. This decision effectively decriminalized same-sex intimacy in the United States and was pivotal in advancing LGBTQ+ rights by affirming the constitutional right to privacy and personal autonomy.
Marsha Botzer: Marsha Botzer is a prominent LGBTQ+ activist and advocate known for her significant contributions to the fight for LGBTQ+ rights in Washington State and beyond. Her work has centered around increasing visibility, acceptance, and legal protections for transgender individuals, particularly through her leadership in various organizations dedicated to these causes. Botzer’s efforts have played a crucial role in shaping policies and fostering community support within the LGBTQ+ movement.
Equal Rights Washington: Equal Rights Washington is a civil rights organization dedicated to advocating for the rights of LGBTQ+ individuals in Washington State. This organization works to advance equality and justice by addressing discrimination and promoting policies that protect the rights of LGBTQ+ individuals, fostering a more inclusive society. Their efforts have contributed significantly to the legislative changes and social acceptance of LGBTQ+ rights within the state.
Cal Anderson: Cal Anderson was a prominent figure in Washington State's LGBTQ+ rights movement, known for his advocacy and contributions to the community. He became the first openly gay elected official in Washington State when he was elected to the Washington House of Representatives in 1992, where he fought for legislation supporting LGBTQ+ rights, healthcare access, and anti-discrimination laws. His legacy continues to impact the ongoing struggle for equality and acceptance for LGBTQ+ individuals in Washington and beyond.
Initiative 677: Initiative 677 was a significant ballot measure in Washington State aimed at providing comprehensive protections for LGBTQ+ individuals from discrimination in various areas, including employment, housing, and public accommodations. This initiative was pivotal in the broader movement for LGBTQ+ rights in Washington, addressing systemic inequalities faced by the community and affirming their right to live without fear of discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity.
Hands Off Washington: Hands Off Washington refers to a political philosophy and approach that advocates for minimal governmental intervention in the lives of individuals, particularly in the context of social issues such as LGBTQ+ rights. This ideology emphasizes personal freedoms, autonomy, and the belief that government should not dictate personal choices or lifestyles, which is especially relevant when discussing the legal and social recognition of LGBTQ+ individuals.
Lavender scare: The lavender scare refers to the period in the 1950s when there was a widespread campaign to remove gay individuals from government jobs in the United States, based on the belief that their sexual orientation made them vulnerable to blackmail and a threat to national security. This event paralleled the Red Scare, which targeted communists, and reinforced negative stereotypes about LGBTQ+ individuals, contributing to a culture of fear and discrimination.
Capitol Hill in Seattle: Capitol Hill is a vibrant neighborhood in Seattle, known for its significant role as a cultural and political hub, particularly for the LGBTQ+ community. Historically, it has been a center for activism, fostering an environment of inclusivity and acceptance that has shaped LGBTQ+ rights in the region. The neighborhood's reputation as a safe space and a gathering point has made it a focal point for pride celebrations and advocacy events.
Dorian Society: Dorian Society refers to a social structure associated with the Dorians, an ancient Greek group that settled in various parts of Greece, particularly the Peloponnese, around the 12th century BCE. This society was characterized by a distinct dialect, cultural practices, and political systems that emphasized military strength and communal living, influencing later Greek civilization.
Lgbtq+ youth shelters: LGBTQ+ youth shelters are safe spaces specifically designed to provide temporary housing and support services for young individuals who identify as LGBTQ+ and may be experiencing homelessness or housing instability. These shelters not only offer a place to stay but also provide access to essential resources like counseling, job training, and healthcare tailored to the unique challenges faced by LGBTQ+ youth.
Safe Spaces: Safe spaces are environments where individuals, particularly those from marginalized groups, can feel secure and free from discrimination, harassment, or judgment. These spaces are designed to foster open dialogue, acceptance, and support for members of the LGBTQ+ community, enabling them to express their identities without fear of negative repercussions.
Marriage equality: Marriage equality refers to the legal recognition of same-sex marriages, granting LGBTQ+ individuals the same rights and responsibilities as heterosexual couples. This concept is rooted in the belief that all individuals, regardless of their sexual orientation, should have equal access to the institution of marriage. The push for marriage equality has been a significant part of the broader LGBTQ+ rights movement, highlighting issues of civil rights, discrimination, and social justice.
Anti-discrimination laws: Anti-discrimination laws are statutes designed to prevent discrimination against individuals based on characteristics such as race, gender, sexual orientation, age, and disability. These laws aim to promote equality and protect the rights of marginalized groups by ensuring that everyone has access to the same opportunities and protections under the law. In the context of LGBTQ+ rights, these laws are crucial in addressing issues like workplace discrimination, housing inequality, and public accommodations.
Establishment of LGBTQ+ pride events: The establishment of LGBTQ+ pride events refers to the organized celebrations and demonstrations that promote the visibility, acceptance, and rights of LGBTQ+ individuals. These events typically occur annually, often in June, commemorating the Stonewall Riots of 1969, which were pivotal in the fight for LGBTQ+ rights. Pride events not only serve as a means of celebrating identity but also as platforms for advocacy, education, and community building within the LGBTQ+ population and allies.
Homophobia: Homophobia refers to the irrational fear, dislike, or prejudice against individuals who identify as LGBTQ+. This term encompasses negative attitudes and discriminatory behaviors towards those who do not conform to traditional heterosexual norms. Homophobia can manifest in various forms, including verbal abuse, social ostracism, and systemic discrimination, significantly impacting the LGBTQ+ community's rights and wellbeing.
Sandy Hume: Sandy Hume was a notable American journalist and an influential figure in the early development of LGBTQ+ rights advocacy in Washington State. His work highlighted issues of equality and civil rights, particularly for the LGBTQ+ community, paving the way for future activism and legislation aimed at protecting these rights. Hume's contributions to journalism and advocacy helped raise awareness about the struggles faced by LGBTQ+ individuals, shaping public discourse and policy regarding their rights.
Acceptance Movements: Acceptance movements refer to social and cultural initiatives aimed at promoting understanding, tolerance, and inclusion of marginalized groups, particularly in relation to LGBTQ+ individuals. These movements challenge societal norms and advocate for equal rights and recognition, fostering a more accepting environment through education, activism, and community engagement.
First same-sex marriage in Washington: The first same-sex marriage in Washington refers to the historic event that took place on December 6, 2012, when same-sex couples began legally marrying in the state following the passage of Referendum 74. This landmark moment marked a significant advancement in LGBTQ+ rights in Washington and reflected broader societal shifts towards acceptance and equality for same-sex relationships.
Qlaw Foundation: The Qlaw Foundation is a nonprofit organization based in Washington State that focuses on advocating for and advancing the rights of LGBTQ+ individuals, particularly within the legal system. It works to ensure equitable access to justice, support for LGBTQ+ victims of violence, and legal education for the community. The foundation aims to empower LGBTQ+ people by providing resources and promoting policy changes that foster inclusivity and representation in legal matters.
Megan Rapinoe: Megan Rapinoe is a professional soccer player and activist known for her impactful contributions to both sports and social justice, particularly regarding LGBTQ+ rights. As a member of the U.S. Women's National Team, she has not only excelled on the field but has also used her platform to advocate for equal pay and LGBTQ+ equality, making her an influential figure in the fight for these rights.
Legal counsel for youth and children: Legal counsel for youth and children refers to the provision of legal representation and advice specifically designed to protect the rights and interests of minors in legal proceedings. This form of counsel is essential in ensuring that young individuals receive appropriate advocacy, particularly in cases involving family law, juvenile justice, and child welfare. By ensuring that youth have access to legal support, it helps promote fair treatment and accountability within the legal system.
1993 Seattle Pride March: The 1993 Seattle Pride March was a significant event in the LGBTQ+ rights movement, marking one of the largest gatherings of LGBTQ+ individuals and allies in Seattle's history. This march was not only a celebration of pride and identity but also a protest against discrimination and a call for equal rights, reflecting the growing visibility and activism within the LGBTQ+ community during the early 1990s.
Seattle Pride: Seattle Pride refers to the annual celebration and advocacy event that honors the LGBTQ+ community in Seattle, Washington. It encompasses a range of activities, including parades, festivals, and educational programs, aimed at promoting visibility, equality, and rights for LGBTQ+ individuals. Seattle Pride is a vibrant manifestation of the city's commitment to diversity and inclusion, fostering a sense of community and support for LGBTQ+ rights.
Ridgeway v. State of Washington: Ridgeway v. State of Washington is a significant legal case that addressed the rights of LGBTQ+ individuals, particularly in the context of employment discrimination based on sexual orientation. This case highlights the struggle for equal treatment and protection under state law for LGBTQ+ individuals, showing the evolving legal landscape regarding discrimination and civil rights in Washington State.
In re Marriage of McBride: In re Marriage of McBride is a landmark case in Washington State that addressed the legal recognition of same-sex partnerships in the context of divorce and property division. This case highlighted the evolving interpretation of family law as it relates to LGBTQ+ rights, particularly in the way courts recognize and treat same-sex couples similarly to heterosexual couples in legal proceedings.
Washington State Domestic Partnership Law: The Washington State Domestic Partnership Law is legislation that grants legal recognition and certain rights to domestic partnerships, allowing couples, regardless of gender, to register their relationship for legal benefits similar to marriage. This law was a significant step in providing legal protections and equality for LGBTQ+ individuals and couples in Washington State, promoting the recognition of diverse family structures.
Referendum 74: Referendum 74 was a 2012 ballot measure in Washington State that allowed voters to decide on the legalization of same-sex marriage. This referendum was significant as it marked a crucial turning point for LGBTQ+ rights in the state, reflecting a shift in public opinion towards acceptance and equality for same-sex couples. The passage of Referendum 74 represented a victory for advocates of LGBTQ+ rights and helped to pave the way for broader marriage equality across the United States.