Sleep Stages to Know for Intro to Brain and Behavior

Understanding sleep stages is key to grasping how our brains and bodies function. Each stage plays a unique role in physical restoration, memory consolidation, and emotional regulation, highlighting the importance of quality sleep for overall well-being.

1. Non-REM Stage 1 (N1)

   • Transition phase between wakefulness and sleep, lasting a few minutes.
   • Light sleep where muscle activity decreases, and relaxation begins.
   • Easily awakened; may experience hypnic jerks (sudden muscle contractions).

2. Non-REM Stage 2 (N2)

   • Accounts for about 50% of total sleep time; lasts 20 minutes per cycle.
   • Characterized by sleep spindles and K-complexes, which are bursts of brain activity.
   • Body temperature drops, heart rate slows, and further muscle relaxation occurs.

3. Non-REM Stage 3 (N3 or Slow-Wave Sleep)

   • Deep sleep stage crucial for physical restoration and growth.
   • Difficult to awaken; brain activity shows delta waves (slow, high-amplitude waves).
   • Important for memory consolidation and immune function.

4. REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep

   • Occurs about 90 minutes after falling asleep; cycles every 90 minutes.
   • Characterized by rapid eye movements, increased brain activity, and vivid dreams.
   • Muscle atonia occurs, preventing acting out dreams; important for emotional regulation.

5. Sleep cycles and their duration

   • Sleep consists of 4-5 cycles per night, each lasting about 90-120 minutes.
   • Each cycle includes a mix of Non-REM and REM sleep stages.
   • The proportion of REM sleep increases in later cycles, while deep sleep decreases.

6. Hypnogram and sleep architecture

   • A hypnogram visually represents the stages of sleep throughout the night.
   • Shows the progression and duration of each sleep stage in a typical cycle.
   • Helps identify sleep patterns and disturbances in sleep architecture.

7. Physiological changes during each stage

   • N1: Heart rate and breathing slow; muscle tone decreases.
   • N2: Further decrease in heart rate and body temperature; sleep spindles appear.
   • N3: Deepest relaxation; significant drop in metabolic activity.
   • REM: Increased brain activity; irregular heart rate and breathing; temporary paralysis of major muscle groups.

8. Brain wave patterns associated with each stage

   • N1: Theta waves (low frequency, high amplitude).
   • N2: Sleep spindles and K-complexes (bursts of activity).
   • N3: Delta waves (slow, high-amplitude).
   • REM: Mixed frequency waves resembling wakefulness (sawtooth waves).

9. Functions and importance of each sleep stage

   • N1: Initiates sleep; helps transition from wakefulness.
   • N2: Consolidates memories; prepares the body for deeper sleep.
   • N3: Essential for physical recovery, growth, and immune function.
   • REM: Supports cognitive functions, emotional processing, and memory consolidation.

10. Sleep disorders related to specific stages

    • N1: Sleep onset insomnia; difficulty transitioning to sleep.
    • N2: Sleep maintenance insomnia; frequent awakenings during light sleep.
    • N3: Sleep apnea; interruptions in deep sleep due to breathing issues.
    • REM: REM Sleep Behavior Disorder; acting out dreams due to lack of muscle atonia.