Principles of Physics I
Thermodynamic equilibrium is a state in which a system's macroscopic properties, such as temperature, pressure, and volume, are uniform and stable over time, meaning no net flow of energy or matter occurs within the system or between the system and its surroundings. This condition signifies that all driving forces for change have been balanced, resulting in a lack of spontaneous processes. Achieving thermodynamic equilibrium is crucial for understanding energy exchanges and transformations as dictated by the laws of thermodynamics.
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