Peptidyl transferase

Definition

Peptidyl transferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids during protein synthesis. This enzyme plays a crucial role in the ribosome's function, facilitating the linking of the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another, resulting in a growing polypeptide chain. It is a fundamental component of translation, helping to assemble proteins based on the information encoded in messenger RNA (mRNA).

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Peptidyl transferase is primarily associated with the large subunit of the ribosome, where it catalyzes peptide bond formation.
2. The reaction mechanism involves a nucleophilic attack by the amino group of an incoming aminoacyl-tRNA on the carbonyl carbon of the peptidyl-tRNA.
3. This enzyme is not a protein itself but is composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), illustrating that RNA can have catalytic functions.
4. Peptidyl transferase activity is essential for the elongation phase of translation, where amino acids are sequentially added to the growing polypeptide chain.
5. Inhibitors of peptidyl transferase can be used as antibiotics, targeting bacterial ribosomes without affecting eukaryotic ribosomes due to structural differences.

Review Questions

• How does peptidyl transferase contribute to the process of translation?
  • Peptidyl transferase contributes to translation by catalyzing the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids, which are brought to the ribosome by transfer RNA (tRNA). During elongation, as each new aminoacyl-tRNA enters the ribosome, peptidyl transferase facilitates the nucleophilic attack that links the growing polypeptide chain to the newly arrived amino acid. This enzymatic action ensures that proteins are synthesized accurately according to the sequence specified by mRNA.
• Discuss the significance of peptidyl transferase being composed of rRNA rather than protein.
  • The fact that peptidyl transferase is composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) rather than protein highlights a unique aspect of molecular biology, demonstrating that RNA can function as a catalyst, known as a ribozyme. This challenges previous notions that only proteins could serve as enzymes and suggests that early life forms may have relied on RNA for catalytic functions. This has profound implications for understanding the origins of life and evolution, as it indicates that RNA played a central role in early biological processes.
• Evaluate how inhibitors of peptidyl transferase can impact bacterial growth and how this reflects on antibiotic development.
  • Inhibitors of peptidyl transferase can effectively halt bacterial growth by disrupting protein synthesis, which is vital for cell function and replication. Since these inhibitors target specific features of bacterial ribosomes that differ from eukaryotic ribosomes, they provide a strategic way to combat bacterial infections without harming human cells. This selective targeting reflects an important strategy in antibiotic development, emphasizing the need for treatments that can specifically disrupt bacterial processes while preserving human cellular integrity.

Related terms

Ribosome: A complex molecular machine found within all living cells that serves as the site of protein synthesis, where mRNA is translated into a polypeptide chain.

Translation: The process by which the sequence of nucleotides in mRNA is decoded to produce a specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide.

Amino Acid: Organic compounds that combine to form proteins; they are the building blocks of proteins and play vital roles in various biological processes.