key term - Alumina

Definition

Alumina, also known as aluminum oxide (Al2O3), is a hard, white, and crystalline compound that is the primary constituent of the mineral corundum. It is a key material in various industrial and chemical applications, particularly in the context of the reduction of alkenes through hydrogenation reactions.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Alumina is commonly used as a heterogeneous catalyst in the hydrogenation of alkenes, where it helps facilitate the addition of hydrogen to the carbon-carbon double bond.
2. The high surface area and porous structure of alumina make it an effective catalyst support, allowing for the dispersion of active metal catalysts like platinum or nickel.
3. Alumina can exist in several different crystalline phases, with the most common being alpha-alumina (α-Al2O3), which is the most thermodynamically stable form.
4. The acidity of alumina can be tuned by modifying its surface properties, allowing it to catalyze a variety of organic reactions, including hydrogenation, dehydration, and isomerization.
5. Alumina-supported catalysts are widely used in the petrochemical industry for the hydrogenation of unsaturated hydrocarbons, such as the conversion of alkenes to alkanes.

Review Questions

• Explain the role of alumina in the hydrogenation of alkenes.
  • Alumina (Al2O3) is a commonly used heterogeneous catalyst in the hydrogenation of alkenes. It provides a high surface area and porous structure that allows for the dispersion of active metal catalysts, such as platinum or nickel. These metal catalysts, when supported on alumina, facilitate the addition of hydrogen to the carbon-carbon double bond of the alkene, converting it into a saturated alkane. The acidity of the alumina surface can also be tuned to promote the desired hydrogenation reaction.
• Describe the different crystalline phases of alumina and their significance.
  • Alumina (Al2O3) can exist in several different crystalline phases, with the most common being alpha-alumina (α-Al2O3). This phase is the most thermodynamically stable form of alumina and is widely used in various industrial and chemical applications. Other crystalline phases, such as gamma-alumina (γ-Al2O3) and theta-alumina (θ-Al2O3), can also be produced and may have different physical and chemical properties, which can influence their catalytic performance or suitability for specific applications, including the hydrogenation of alkenes.
• Analyze how the surface properties of alumina can be modified to catalyze different organic reactions, including hydrogenation.
  • The surface properties of alumina, such as its acidity, can be tuned to catalyze a variety of organic reactions, including hydrogenation, dehydration, and isomerization. By modifying the surface characteristics of alumina, for example, through the introduction of dopants or by controlling the crystalline phase, the catalytic activity and selectivity can be optimized for specific reactions. In the context of alkene hydrogenation, the acidity of the alumina surface plays a crucial role in facilitating the addition of hydrogen to the carbon-carbon double bond, leading to the formation of the corresponding saturated alkane. This versatility in surface modification makes alumina a valuable catalyst support in numerous organic synthesis and petrochemical processes.

Related terms

Corundum: A crystalline form of aluminum oxide that occurs naturally and is the base mineral for rubies and sapphires.

Heterogeneous Catalysis:

A type of catalysis where the catalyst is in a different phase (solid) than the reactants (liquid or gas).

Hydrogenation:

A chemical reaction that adds hydrogen to a compound, typically used to convert unsaturated organic compounds (like alkenes) into saturated ones.