The stroma is the fluid-filled matrix of a chloroplast, where the Calvin cycle reactions of photosynthesis occur. It contains enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, and is integral to the conversion of carbon dioxide into glucose.
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The stroma surrounds the thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts.
It contains enzymes essential for the Calvin cycle or light-independent reactions.
The stroma also houses chloroplast DNA and ribosomes, allowing it to produce some proteins independently.
ATP and NADPH produced in the thylakoids are used in the stroma during the Calvin cycle.
Stromal pH increases when light reactions are active, facilitating enzyme activity for carbon fixation.