🦠microbiology review

key term - Citrate

Definition

Citrate is a key intermediate in the citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, which is a central metabolic pathway in cellular respiration. It plays a crucial role in the catabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to generate energy in the form of ATP for the cell.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

  1. Citrate is the ionized form of citric acid, which is the first intermediate in the citric acid cycle.
  2. The citric acid cycle is a series of chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondria of cells to generate energy in the form of ATP.
  3. Citrate is produced when acetyl-CoA, derived from the catabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, enters the citric acid cycle.
  4. The citric acid cycle is a cyclic pathway, meaning that the final product, oxaloacetate, is regenerated to continue the cycle.
  5. Citrate is a key regulator of cellular metabolism, as it can inhibit glycolysis and activate gluconeogenesis, depending on the energy needs of the cell.

Review Questions

  • Explain the role of citrate in the citric acid cycle and its importance in cellular respiration.
    • Citrate is the first intermediate in the citric acid cycle, a central metabolic pathway that occurs in the mitochondria of cells. In this cycle, acetyl-CoA, derived from the catabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, enters the cycle and is oxidized to carbon dioxide, generating NADH and FADH2 in the process. These electron carriers are then used in the electron transport chain to produce ATP, the primary energy currency of the cell. Citrate is a key player in this process, as it is the molecule that initiates the cycle and allows for the continued oxidation of acetyl-CoA, making it a crucial component of cellular respiration and energy production.
  • Describe how citrate can act as a regulator of cellular metabolism and the implications of this regulatory function.
    • Citrate is not only an intermediate in the citric acid cycle, but it also plays a key regulatory role in cellular metabolism. When citrate levels are high, it can inhibit the activity of the enzyme phosphofructokinase, a key regulatory enzyme in glycolysis. This inhibition of glycolysis can then lead to the activation of gluconeogenesis, the process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors. In this way, citrate acts as a sensor of the cell's energy status, allowing it to shift metabolism towards either energy production or energy storage, depending on the cell's needs. This regulatory function of citrate is important for maintaining cellular homeostasis and ensuring that the cell can adapt to changing energy demands.
  • Analyze the significance of the citric acid cycle, with citrate as a central intermediate, in the overall metabolism of the cell and its implications for cellular function and survival.
    • The citric acid cycle, with citrate as a key intermediate, is a fundamental metabolic pathway that is essential for the survival and proper functioning of cells. By oxidizing acetyl-CoA, derived from the catabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, the citric acid cycle generates NADH and FADH2, which are then used in the electron transport chain to produce ATP, the primary energy currency of the cell. This process of cellular respiration is crucial for providing the energy needed to power a wide range of cellular processes, from biosynthesis and cell growth to signal transduction and cell movement. Furthermore, the citric acid cycle is not only important for energy production, but it also serves as a hub for various biosynthetic pathways, providing precursors for the synthesis of amino acids, lipids, and other essential biomolecules. The central role of citrate in this cycle, as the first intermediate that initiates the cycle and allows for the continued oxidation of acetyl-CoA, underscores the vital importance of this molecule in the overall metabolism and survival of the cell.