HIV/AIDS

Definition

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus that attacks the immune system, specifically targeting CD4 cells, leading to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), the final stage of HIV infection. This condition drastically weakens the body's ability to fight infections and diseases, making individuals vulnerable to opportunistic infections and certain cancers. Understanding HIV/AIDS is crucial in discussing emerging and re-emerging infections, as it continues to affect millions globally despite advances in treatment and prevention efforts.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. HIV is primarily transmitted through unprotected sexual contact, sharing needles, and from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding.
2. There are an estimated 38 million people living with HIV worldwide, with significant disparities in prevalence based on geography, socioeconomic status, and access to healthcare.
3. The progression from HIV to AIDS can take several years if left untreated, but with effective antiretroviral therapy, many individuals can maintain their health and prevent transmission.
4. Stigma and discrimination surrounding HIV/AIDS continue to pose significant barriers to testing, treatment, and prevention efforts globally.
5. The emergence of drug-resistant strains of HIV highlights the ongoing challenges in managing the virus and underscores the importance of adherence to prescribed treatments.

Review Questions

• What are the mechanisms through which HIV leads to AIDS, and how does this progression affect the body's immune response?
  • HIV leads to AIDS by progressively attacking CD4 cells, which are crucial for a healthy immune response. As the number of CD4 cells declines due to ongoing viral replication and destruction by the virus, the body becomes increasingly vulnerable to infections and diseases. This weakened immune response is what characterizes AIDS, as individuals begin to experience opportunistic infections that a healthy immune system would normally fend off.
• Discuss the role of antiretroviral therapy in the management of HIV infection and its impact on public health.
  • Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is vital in managing HIV infection as it helps control viral load and improve immune function by preventing further damage to CD4 cells. By maintaining an undetectable viral load, individuals on ART not only lead healthier lives but also significantly reduce their risk of transmitting the virus to others. This has substantial implications for public health by contributing to lower rates of new infections and helping curb the spread of HIV within communities.
• Evaluate the significance of preventive measures like PrEP in combating the spread of HIV and how they relate to emerging trends in infectious diseases.
  • Preventive measures like PrEP are crucial in combating the spread of HIV, especially among high-risk populations. By providing an effective means for individuals to protect themselves against infection, PrEP has become a key strategy in public health initiatives aimed at reducing new HIV cases. This approach highlights a broader trend in infectious disease management focusing on prevention and early intervention, which is essential for controlling both emerging and re-emerging infections globally.

Related terms

Opportunistic Infections: Infections that occur more frequently and are more severe in individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those living with AIDS.

Antiretroviral Therapy (ART): A treatment for HIV infection that helps control the virus, allowing individuals to live longer, healthier lives while reducing the risk of transmission.

Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): A preventive treatment for individuals at high risk of contracting HIV, involving the daily use of antiretroviral medications to reduce the chance of infection.