key term - Shandao

Definition

Shandao was a Chinese Buddhist monk who played a significant role in the development of Pure Land Buddhism during the 6th century. He emphasized the practice of calling upon Amitābha Buddha through the nembutsu (the phrase 'Namu Amida Butsu') as a means for ordinary people to attain rebirth in the Pure Land. His teachings laid the groundwork for Pure Land thought and practice, which became a major strand of East Asian Buddhism.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Shandao is often regarded as the first major theologian of Pure Land Buddhism, systematizing its teachings and practices.
2. His writings, particularly the 'Treatise on the Method of Contemplation of the Buddha,' emphasize reliance on Amitābha's vows for salvation rather than individual effort.
3. Shandao's interpretation of Pure Land teachings stressed that even those with heavy karmic burdens could achieve enlightenment through sincere faith and recitation of the nembutsu.
4. He became a prominent figure in Chinese Buddhism, influencing later schools such as Japanese Jōdo Shinshū, which continued to spread his ideas.
5. Shandao's approach promoted inclusivity in Buddhism, making it accessible to laypeople and encouraging devotion over scholarly study.

Review Questions

• How did Shandao contribute to the evolution of Pure Land Buddhism?
  • Shandao significantly shaped Pure Land Buddhism by systematizing its teachings and emphasizing the practice of nembutsu. He taught that sincere recitation of Amitābha's name was key to attaining rebirth in the Pure Land, making it accessible for all practitioners, regardless of their background. His writings clarified and reinforced the core beliefs of this tradition, leading to its widespread adoption in East Asia.
• Discuss how Shandao's teachings differ from earlier Buddhist practices and their impact on followers.
  • Shandao's teachings marked a shift from the individualistic and often complex practices of earlier Buddhism towards a more devotional approach. By focusing on faith in Amitābha Buddha and simple recitation of the nembutsu, he offered a path to enlightenment that was attainable for ordinary people. This emphasis on devotion over strict discipline had a profound impact on followers, allowing many who felt excluded from traditional practices to engage with Buddhism meaningfully.
• Evaluate the long-term influence of Shandao’s teachings on later Buddhist movements, especially in Japan.
  • The long-term influence of Shandao’s teachings can be seen in the rise of Japanese Pure Land schools like Jōdo Shinshū, which adopted his focus on faith and devotion. His ideas about the nembutsu as a primary practice transformed how followers engaged with Buddhism across cultures. The accessibility of his approach contributed to significant growth in lay participation and reshaped religious practices, creating vibrant communities centered around devotion and hope for rebirth in the Pure Land.

Related terms

Amitābha Buddha: A celestial Buddha who is the focus of devotion in Pure Land Buddhism, believed to have created a Pure Land where beings can attain enlightenment.

Nembutsu: The practice of chanting 'Namu Amida Butsu,' which means 'I take refuge in Amitābha Buddha,' central to Pure Land practices as a way to ensure rebirth in the Pure Land.

Pure Land:

A transcendent realm created by Amitābha Buddha, where beings can be reborn and easily attain enlightenment, serving as a focal point for practitioners of Pure Land Buddhism.