🦴intro to archaeology review

key term - Andes

Definition

The Andes is a major mountain range in South America, stretching over 4,300 miles along the western edge of the continent. This extensive range is not only a defining geographical feature but also played a crucial role in the development of early agricultural societies, providing diverse climates and ecosystems that influenced agricultural practices and settlement patterns.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

  1. The Andes Mountains are the longest continental mountain range in the world and have served as a barrier and a corridor for human migration and cultural exchange.
  2. The diverse environments found in the Andes allowed for the cultivation of various crops, such as potatoes and maize, which became staples for Andean civilizations.
  3. Early agricultural societies in the Andes developed sophisticated irrigation systems to support farming in the often arid conditions of high-altitude environments.
  4. The Incas, one of the most prominent cultures to emerge from the Andes, utilized advanced agricultural techniques, including terracing and crop rotation, to maximize their yields.
  5. The Andes also had significant cultural implications, with distinct ethnic groups developing their own agricultural practices that were closely tied to their environment and resources.

Review Questions

  • How did the geographical features of the Andes influence agricultural practices among early societies?
    • The Andes' varied topography and climate created different ecological zones, which significantly influenced agricultural practices. Early societies adapted to these conditions by developing techniques like terracing, which allowed them to cultivate steep hillsides effectively. The availability of diverse crops suited to different altitudes enabled these communities to maximize food production and support growing populations.
  • Discuss how the cultivation of crops like quinoa reflects the adaptability of Andean societies to their mountainous environment.
    • Quinoa cultivation exemplifies how Andean societies adapted to their challenging mountainous environment. This crop is well-suited for high-altitude growth, making it an essential food source for these communities. Its high nutritional value provided sustenance for large populations, demonstrating how indigenous peoples utilized their local resources effectively to thrive despite environmental challenges.
  • Evaluate the impact of irrigation systems developed by Andean civilizations on their agricultural productivity and social organization.
    • The irrigation systems established by Andean civilizations greatly enhanced their agricultural productivity by allowing them to cultivate land that would otherwise be too dry or inhospitable. These sophisticated methods not only increased food supply but also required organized labor and resource management, which led to more complex social structures. This organization likely contributed to the rise of powerful states like the Inca Empire, as control over water resources became essential for maintaining agricultural outputs and supporting large populations.