key term - Sophocles

Definition

Sophocles was an ancient Greek playwright, best known for his tragedies, including 'Oedipus Rex' and 'Antigone'. He made significant contributions to the development of drama and theatre, particularly in the use of character development and complex plots. His works not only reflect the cultural values of ancient Greece but also explore profound philosophical themes such as fate, morality, and the human condition.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Sophocles was born around 497/6 BCE and lived until 406 BCE, during which he wrote over 120 plays, although only seven have survived in complete form.
2. He introduced the third actor to the stage, allowing for more dynamic interactions between characters and enriching storytelling.
3. Sophocles' tragedies often explored themes of fate versus free will, highlighting human struggle against predestined outcomes.
4. His play 'Oedipus Rex' is considered a masterpiece of dramatic irony, where Oedipus seeks to uncover the truth about his identity, not realizing he is fulfilling a tragic prophecy.
5. Sophocles was also involved in public life and served as a general and a priest, demonstrating his connection between art and civic duty.

Review Questions

• How did Sophocles' introduction of the third actor change the structure of Greek drama?
  • By introducing a third actor, Sophocles transformed Greek drama by allowing for more complex interactions among characters. This change enhanced character development and narrative depth, leading to richer plots that explored various themes more effectively. As a result, Sophocles set new standards for storytelling in theatre that influenced future playwrights.
• Analyze the theme of fate versus free will in Sophocles' 'Oedipus Rex' and its implications on character decisions.
  • 'Oedipus Rex' exemplifies the struggle between fate and free will through Oedipus' relentless quest for truth. Despite his attempts to avoid the prophecy that foretells his tragic destiny, he inadvertently fulfills it through his own choices. This theme raises questions about human agency and responsibility, suggesting that while individuals may strive for control over their lives, they may still be bound by fate.
• Evaluate how Sophocles’ works reflect the values and beliefs of ancient Greek society, particularly regarding morality and civic duty.
  • Sophocles’ plays reflect the values of ancient Greek society by emphasizing the importance of moral integrity and civic responsibility. Characters often face dilemmas that test their ethics and obligations to family or state, showcasing the cultural belief in the interconnectedness of personal actions and societal consequences. Through his works, Sophocles encourages audiences to reflect on their own morals while reinforcing the idea that individuals must act in accordance with their civic duties.

Related terms

Tragedy: A genre of drama that deals with serious themes and often ends in catastrophe for the main characters, aiming to evoke pity and fear in the audience.

Dramatic Irony: A literary device where the audience knows more about a situation than the characters, creating tension and engagement in the narrative.

Greek Chorus: A group of performers who comment on the main action of a play, providing background information and reflecting the public's perspective on events.