Mutualism is a type of symbiotic relationship where both species involved benefit from the interaction. It enhances the survival, reproduction, and overall fitness of both organisms.
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Mutualism can be obligate or facultative; obligate mutualism means the species are interdependent and cannot survive without each other.
A classic example of mutualism is the relationship between bees and flowering plants, where bees get nectar and plants get pollinated.
Mutualistic relationships can involve different types of benefits such as nutritional, protective, or transport services.
Mutualism contrasts with other symbiotic relationships like parasitism (one benefits, one is harmed) and commensalism (one benefits, one is unaffected).
Mycorrhizal associations between fungi and plant roots are another example of mutualism; fungi assist in nutrient absorption for the plant while receiving carbohydrates.