This law states that the total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease over time, meaning systems naturally progress towards a state of maximum entropy.
A thermodynamic potential that measures the "usefulness" or process-initiating work obtainable from a system at constant temperature and pressure. It combines enthalpy and entropy into one value.
Microstates: In statistical mechanics, microstates refer to specific detailed configurations of a macroscopic system that may occur with a certain probability when defined by macroscopic variables such as energy, volume, or number of particles. The concept is closely linked to understanding entropy.