1.1
Defining Ecology and Its Scope
1.2
Levels of Ecological Organization
1.3
Ecological Methods and Research Approaches
2.1
Climate and Weather Patterns
2.2
Soil Composition and Water Availability
2.3
Physiological and Behavioral Adaptations
3.1
Terrestrial Biomes
3.2
Aquatic Ecosystems
3.3
Biogeographical Patterns and Processes
4.1
Characteristics of Populations
4.2
Demography and Life History Strategies
4.3
Metapopulation Dynamics
5.1
Population Growth Models
5.2
Density-Dependent and Density-Independent Factors
5.3
Carrying Capacity and Resource Limitation
6.1
Community Composition and Diversity Indices
6.2
Niche Theory and Resource Partitioning
6.3
Habitat Structure and Landscape Ecology
7.1
Competition and Competitive Exclusion
7.2
Predation, Herbivory, and Parasitism
7.3
Mutualism and Commensalism
7.4
Keystone Species and Trophic Cascades
8.1
Primary and Secondary Succession
8.2
Mechanisms of Succession
8.3
Climax Communities and Alternative Stable States
9.1
Ecosystem Structure and Function
9.2
Primary Production and Decomposition
9.3
Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital
10.1
Food Chains and Food Webs
10.2
Energy Transfer Efficiency
10.3
Ecological Pyramids
11.1
Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles
11.2
Phosphorus and Water Cycles
11.3
Human Impacts on Biogeochemical Cycles
12.1
Measures of Biodiversity
12.2
Threats to Biodiversity
12.3
Conservation Strategies and Protected Areas
12.4
Restoration Ecology
13.1
Climate Change and Its Ecological Impacts
13.2
Habitat Loss and Fragmentation
13.3
Pollution and Ecotoxicology
13.4
Sustainable Development Goals
14.1
Fisheries and Wildlife Management
14.2
Forest and Rangeland Management
14.3
Urban Ecology and Green Infrastructure
14.4
Agroecology and Sustainable Agriculture