Polar Covalent Bond: A covalent bond in which the shared electrons are unequally distributed between the bonded atoms, leading to a partial positive and partial negative charge on the atoms.
Dipole Moment:A measure of the separation of positive and negative charges within a molecule, represented by a vector quantity that points from the negative to the positive charge.
Formal Charge:The hypothetical charge assigned to an atom in a molecule, based on the difference between the number of valence electrons of the isolated atom and the number of electrons assigned to that atom in the molecule.