🌺Hawaiian Studies
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10.2 Post-War Social and Political Changes
2 min read•Last Updated on July 24, 2024
Hawaii's post-war era brought massive changes. The population exploded as military families settled, sparking a baby boom. Cities grew rapidly, especially Honolulu, while rural areas declined. The ethnic makeup shifted, with more mainland haoles and fewer Native Hawaiians.
Labor unions gained power, improving working conditions and wages. This led to a political shift, with Democrats taking control in 1954. The economy boomed, driven by tourism and military spending, while traditional agriculture declined. These changes reshaped Hawaii's society and landscape.
Post-War Social and Demographic Shifts
Social changes in postwar Hawaii
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- Population growth surged with military personnel influx and families settling led to baby boom (1946-1964)
- Urbanization accelerated development of Honolulu and surrounding areas caused decline of rural communities
- Ethnic composition shifted as mainland haole (white) population increased while Native Hawaiian percentage declined
- Education expanded through establishment of University of Hawaii system improved access to higher education
- Housing developments sprawled into suburbs created new neighborhoods and planned communities (Mililani)
Growth of labor unions
- International Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU) organized plantation workers led successful strikes improving working conditions
- Union membership expanded across industries (hospitality, construction, public sector) increased worker bargaining power
- Political activism of unions supported Democratic Party candidates lobbied for pro-labor legislation
- Social equality improved through better wages and benefits reduced racial discrimination in employment
Political Transformation and Economic Growth
Rise of Hawaii's Democratic Party
- 1954 Democratic Revolution shifted control from Republican to Democratic legislature emerged new leaders (John Burns, Daniel Inouye)
- Statehood achievement in 1959 increased federal representation granted greater control over local affairs
- Social reform policies promoted land reform initiatives expanded social welfare programs
- Power dynamics shifted as plantation oligarchy influence declined multiethnic coalition in politics rose
Effects of postwar economic boom
- Tourism industry grew rapidly developed Waikiki as major resort area increased visitor arrivals and spending
- Traditional agriculture declined reduced sugar and pineapple production diversified into other crops (macadamia nuts, coffee)
- Military presence expanded increased defense spending and base development boosted economy through personnel and families
- Infrastructure improvements expanded Honolulu International Airport developed highway systems and public transportation
- Real estate and construction boomed high-rise development in urban areas created new residential and commercial zones (Kakaako)
Key Terms to Review (14)
Kuleana: Kuleana refers to the sense of responsibility, ownership, and stewardship that individuals have towards their land, community, and cultural practices in Hawaiian society. This concept emphasizes the deep connection between people and their environment, encouraging sustainable use of resources and active participation in the welfare of the community.
Statehood: Statehood refers to the status of being recognized as an independent and sovereign state, possessing full rights and responsibilities under international law. In the context of Hawaii, statehood encompasses the transition from being a U.S. territory to becoming the 50th state, which involved complex political, social, and economic changes, influenced by historical events and strategic interests.
Hawaii Admission Act: The Hawaii Admission Act, signed into law on March 18, 1959, officially admitted Hawaii as the 50th state of the United States. This act was significant in shaping the political landscape of Hawaii, transitioning it from a U.S. territory to statehood, and it marked a crucial moment in post-war American history as the nation was expanding its boundaries and addressing issues of representation and civil rights.
Hula Revival: The hula revival refers to a cultural movement that began in the mid-20th century aimed at revitalizing and preserving the traditional Hawaiian dance and chant known as hula. This movement emerged in response to the decline of traditional Hawaiian practices during periods of colonization and cultural suppression, focusing on restoring hula as a vital expression of Hawaiian identity and heritage.
Native Hawaiian Education Act: The Native Hawaiian Education Act is a federal law enacted in 1988 that aims to improve educational opportunities for Native Hawaiians by providing funding and support for educational programs specifically designed for them. This act recognizes the unique cultural and historical context of Native Hawaiians, promoting the integration of Hawaiian language and culture into the education system.
Daniel K. Inouye: Daniel K. Inouye was a prominent American politician and U.S. Senator from Hawaii, serving from 1963 until his death in 2012. He was the first Japanese American elected to the U.S. Congress and played a crucial role in advocating for the rights of Asian Americans and the people of Hawaii, significantly influencing post-war social and political changes in the state and beyond.
Kanaka maoli: Kanaka maoli refers to the indigenous people of Hawaii, their culture, and their connection to the land. This term embodies a deep sense of identity, history, and resilience, reflecting the struggles and revitalization efforts of Native Hawaiians in reclaiming their rights and heritage.
‘ōlelo hawai‘i: ‘Ōlelo hawai‘i refers to the Hawaiian language, an important aspect of Hawaii’s cultural identity and heritage. As the native language of the Hawaiian people, it plays a crucial role in expressing traditions, stories, and values unique to Hawaiian culture. The revival of ‘ōlelo hawai‘i reflects broader social and political changes in Hawaii, particularly after World War II, when efforts intensified to preserve and promote the language amidst the dominance of English.
Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole: Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole was a prominent Hawaiian leader and politician, known for his advocacy of Hawaiian rights and the establishment of the Hawaiian Homes Commission Act. His efforts significantly influenced the social and political landscape of Hawaii, especially after World War II, as he worked to address issues faced by native Hawaiians and promote land reform.
Ahupua‘a: Ahupua‘a is a traditional Hawaiian land division that stretches from the mountains to the sea, encompassing various ecosystems and resources necessary for sustaining communities. This system reflects an understanding of resource management and environmental stewardship, promoting sustainability through a balanced relationship with nature.
Kanakapila: Kanakapila is a Hawaiian term that refers to informal gatherings of people to play music, sing, and enjoy each other's company. These gatherings often celebrate Hawaiian culture and provide a space for community bonding and cultural expression, reflecting the importance of music in Hawaiian society during times of social and political change.
Oha - office of hawaiian affairs: The Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA) is a semi-autonomous agency of the state of Hawaii that was established to improve the well-being of Native Hawaiians. It plays a crucial role in advocating for the rights and interests of the Hawaiian people, focusing on areas such as education, health, land use, and cultural preservation. By addressing the historical injustices faced by Native Hawaiians, OHA works towards social and political changes that reflect the community's needs and aspirations.
Hawaiian sovereignty movement: The Hawaiian sovereignty movement is a collective effort advocating for the restoration of the Hawaiian Kingdom and self-determination for Native Hawaiians. This movement emerged as a response to historical injustices, including the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy in 1893 and subsequent annexation by the United States, aiming to reclaim rights, land, and political status for Hawaiians. The movement intertwines with broader discussions about post-war social changes, models of self-determination, and the unique ethnic diversity found in Hawaii.
Aloha Spirit Resolution: The Aloha Spirit Resolution is a legislative measure passed in Hawaii that emphasizes the importance of the Aloha Spirit in all aspects of life, advocating for kindness, compassion, and respect among individuals. This resolution reflects the cultural values of Hawaii and seeks to promote unity, peace, and harmony, especially in the context of the significant social and political changes that occurred after World War II.