🐾 General Biology II

1.2

Cell Structure and Function

1.3

Cellular Energetics and Metabolism

1.4

Membrane Transport and Cell Signaling

Unit 2 – From DNA to Protein: Gene Expression

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2.1

DNA Structure and Replication

2.2

Transcription and RNA Processing

2.3

Translation and Protein Synthesis

2.4

Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Unit 3 – Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis

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3.1

Cell Cycle and Mitosis

3.3

Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis

Unit 4 – Mendelian Genetics

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4.1

Mendel's Laws of Inheritance

4.2

Probability and Punnett Squares

4.3

Pedigree Analysis

Unit 5 – Extensions of Mendelian Genetics

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5.1

Non-Mendelian Inheritance Patterns

5.2

Gene Interactions and Epistasis

5.3

Quantitative and Polygenic Inheritance

Unit 6 – Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

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6.1

Chromosome Structure and Function

6.2

Sex-linked Inheritance

6.3

Chromosomal Aberrations and Disorders

Unit 7 – Genetic Mutations

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7.1

Types of Mutations

7.2

Causes and Effects of Mutations

7.3

DNA Repair Mechanisms

Unit 8 – Genome Structure and Organization

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8.1

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Genomes

8.2

Repetitive DNA and Transposable Elements

8.3

Epigenetic Modifications

Unit 9 – DNA Technologies and Genomics

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9.1

DNA Cloning and PCR

9.2

Gel Electrophoresis and DNA Sequencing

9.3

Genomics and Bioinformatics

9.4

Gene Therapy and CRISPR Technology

Unit 10 – Genes and Development

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10.1

Embryonic Development and Gene Expression

10.2

Cell Differentiation and Stem Cells

10.3

Developmental Genetics and Model Organisms

Unit 11 – Population and Evolutionary Genetics

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11.1

Population Genetics and Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

11.2

Genetic Drift and Gene Flow

11.3

Natural Selection and Adaptation

Unit 12 – Mechanisms of Evolution

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12.1

Evidence for Evolution

12.2

Microevolution and Macroevolution

12.3

Evolutionary Rates and Patterns

12.4

Coevolution and Evolutionary Arms Races

Unit 13 – Speciation and Macroevolution

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13.1

Species Concepts and Speciation Mechanisms

6 min read

13.2

Adaptive Radiation and Convergent Evolution

13.3

Extinction and Mass Extinctions

Unit 14 – Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

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14.1

Phylogenetic Trees and Cladistics

14.2

Molecular Clocks and Comparative Genomics

14.3

Major Clades and Evolutionary Relationships

6 min read

Unit 15 – Viruses, Bacteria, and Archaea

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15.1

Virus Structure, Replication, and Evolution

15.2

Bacterial Cell Structure and Diversity

15.3

Archaeal Characteristics and Extremophiles

15.4

Microbial Ecology and Human Microbiome

Unit 16 – The Evolution of Eukaryotes

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16.1

Endosymbiotic Theory and Origin of Eukaryotes

16.2

Protist Diversity and Ecology

16.3

Major Eukaryotic Lineages and Their Evolution

Unit 17 – Plant Diversity and Evolution

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17.1

Plant Adaptations to Land

17.2

Seedless and Seed Plant Evolution

17.3

Angiosperm Diversity and Reproduction

17.4

Plant Responses to Environment

Unit 18 – Fungi and Animal Diversity

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18.1

Fungal Characteristics and Ecological Roles

18.2

Animal Body Plans and Development

18.3

Invertebrate Diversity and Evolution

18.4

Vertebrate Diversity and Evolution

Unit 19 – Ecology and the Biosphere

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19.1

Population Ecology and Dynamics

19.2

Community Ecology and Interactions

19.3

Ecosystem Structure and Energy Flow

19.4

Biogeochemical Cycles

Unit 20 – Conservation Biology and Biodiversity

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20.1

Biodiversity and Its Importance

20.2

Threats to Biodiversity

20.3

Conservation Strategies and Sustainable Development

20.4

Global Climate Change and Ecological Impacts