Object-oriented programming (OOP) principles form the backbone of modern software design. Encapsulation, a key OOP concept, bundles data and methods into a single unit, enhancing code organization and security. This approach simplifies maintenance and improves flexibility in complex systems.
Data hiding, a crucial aspect of encapsulation, restricts direct access to an object's internal data. By using access modifiers and getter/setter methods, developers can control how data is accessed and modified, protecting integrity and enabling abstraction in large-scale applications.
Object-Oriented Programming Principles
Encapsulation in OOP
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Cyclomatic Complexity-Based Encapsulation, Data Hiding, and Separation of Concerns View original
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Cyclomatic Complexity-Based Encapsulation, Data Hiding, and Separation of Concerns View original
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Encapsulation bundles data and methods operating on that data within a single unit (class) restricts direct access to object components
Promotes modularity and organization of code enhances data security by controlling access simplifies maintenance and updates to the codebase
Reduces complexity by hiding implementation details improves code flexibility and reusability (ATM machine, Car engine)
Data hiding importance
Data hiding restricts direct access to an object's internal data achieved through access modifiers and getter/setter methods
Protects data integrity by preventing unauthorized modifications allows for controlled access to object state
Enables abstraction by exposing only necessary information facilitates change management in large-scale applications (Bank account balance, Social security number)
Implementing encapsulated classes
Class structure uses private data members to store internal state provides public methods to interact with the object
Getter methods provide read access to private data can include additional logic or validation
Setter methods control write access to private data enforce data validation and business rules
Constructor initializes private data members ensures object is in a valid state upon creation
BankAccount class demonstrates encapsulation with private balance and public deposit/withdraw methods
Access modifier types
Public access modifier allows unrestricted access from any part of the program used for methods and properties that form the class interface
Private access modifier restricts access to within the class itself used for internal implementation details and data
Protected access modifier allows access within the class and its subclasses used when inheritance is involved to share functionality
Comparison:
Public: least restrictive, accessible everywhere
Protected: moderately restrictive, accessible in class hierarchy
Private: most restrictive, accessible only within the class
Use private by default to maximize encapsulation use public for methods that need to be called from outside the class use protected sparingly, only when subclass access is necessary