🔌Intro to Electrical Engineering Unit 1 – Intro to Electrical Engineering

Key Concepts and Terminology

• Electrical engineering involves the study, design, and application of devices and systems that use electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism
• Key concepts include current (flow of electric charge), voltage (potential difference between two points), resistance (opposition to current flow), and power (rate of energy transfer)
• Ohm's law describes the relationship between current, voltage, and resistance in a circuit: $V = IR$
• Kirchhoff's laws govern the behavior of current and voltage in a circuit:
  • Kirchhoff's current law (KCL) states that the sum of currents entering a node equals the sum of currents leaving the node
  • Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL) states that the sum of voltages around a closed loop in a circuit is zero
• Electrical circuits can be classified as series (components connected end-to-end), parallel (components connected across the same two nodes), or a combination of both
• Capacitance is the ability of a component to store electric charge, while inductance is the property of a component that opposes changes in current

Fundamental Electrical Quantities

• Current, measured in amperes (A), represents the flow of electric charge through a conductor
• Voltage, measured in volts (V), is the potential difference between two points in a circuit that drives current flow
• Resistance, measured in ohms (Ω), is the opposition to current flow in a conductor
• Power, measured in watts (W), is the rate at which energy is transferred or consumed in a circuit
• Energy, measured in joules (J) or watt-hours (Wh), is the capacity to do work and is related to power and time: $E = Pt$
• Frequency, measured in hertz (Hz), is the number of cycles per second for alternating current (AC) signals
• Capacitance, measured in farads (F), is the ability of a component to store electric charge
• Inductance, measured in henries (H), is the property of a component that opposes changes in current

Circuit Components and Symbols

• Resistors are components that oppose current flow and have a fixed resistance value, represented by the symbol: ━━⊤━━
• Capacitors store electric charge and are represented by the symbol: ─│─
• Inductors are coils that store energy in a magnetic field and are represented by the symbol: ━━↩━━
• Voltage sources provide a constant voltage and are represented by the symbol: ○─⊕⊖─│
• Current sources provide a constant current and are represented by the symbol: ○─⇒─│
• Switches control the flow of current in a circuit and are represented by various symbols, such as: ─╳─ (open) or ─━─ (closed)
• Diodes allow current to flow in only one direction and are represented by the symbol: ─▷│─
• Transistors are semiconductor devices used for amplification and switching, with symbols varying based on the specific type (BJT, MOSFET, etc.)

Basic Circuit Analysis Techniques

• Ohm's law ($V = IR$) is used to calculate voltage, current, or resistance when the other two quantities are known
• Series circuits have components connected end-to-end, with the same current flowing through each component
  • In series circuits, voltages add up, while resistance values add up: $R_{total} = R_1 + R_2 + ... + R_n$
• Parallel circuits have components connected across the same two nodes, with the same voltage across each component
  • In parallel circuits, currents add up, while reciprocals of resistance values add up: $\frac{1}{R_{total}} = \frac{1}{R_1} + \frac{1}{R_2} + ... + \frac{1}{R_n}$
• Voltage division allows the calculation of voltage drops across components in a series circuit using the voltage divider formula: $V_{out} = V_{in} \frac{R_2}{R_1 + R_2}$
• Current division is used to determine the current through each branch in a parallel circuit using the current divider formula: $I_{branch} = I_{total} \frac{R_{total}}{R_{branch}}$
• Thevenin's and Norton's theorems allow the simplification of complex circuits into equivalent circuits with a single voltage or current source and a single resistor
• Superposition theorem states that the response of a linear circuit with multiple sources can be determined by considering the contribution of each source independently and then summing the results

Power and Energy in Circuits

• Power is the rate at which energy is transferred or consumed in a circuit, calculated using $P = VI$ or $P = I^2R$ or $P = \frac{V^2}{R}$
• Energy is the capacity to do work and is related to power and time: $E = Pt$
• In resistive circuits, power is dissipated as heat, while in reactive components (capacitors and inductors), power is alternately stored and released
• Instantaneous power is the power at a specific moment in time, while average power is the power consumed over a period of time
• Power factor is the ratio of real power (active power) to apparent power (total power) in AC circuits, ranging from 0 to 1
• Maximum power transfer theorem states that a load receives maximum power when its resistance equals the Thevenin resistance of the source circuit
• Efficiency is the ratio of output power to input power, expressed as a percentage: $\eta = \frac{P_{out}}{P_{in}} \times 100\%$

Introduction to Digital Logic

• Digital systems use binary (0 and 1) to represent and process information, unlike analog systems that use continuous signals
• Logic gates are the building blocks of digital circuits, performing basic Boolean operations such as AND, OR, NOT, XOR, NAND, and NOR
• Truth tables are used to represent the input-output relationships of logic gates and digital circuits
• Boolean algebra is a mathematical system for manipulating and simplifying logical expressions using operators like AND (⋅), OR (+), and NOT (¬)
• Combinational logic circuits are memoryless and their outputs depend only on the current inputs, examples include adders, multiplexers, and decoders
• Sequential logic circuits have memory and their outputs depend on both the current inputs and the previous state, examples include flip-flops, counters, and shift registers
• Karnaugh maps (K-maps) are graphical tools used to simplify Boolean expressions and design minimized logic circuits

Practical Applications and Examples

• Power supplies convert AC to DC and regulate voltage for electronic devices (smartphones, computers, televisions)
• Sensors and transducers convert physical quantities (temperature, pressure, light) into electrical signals for measurement and control systems
• Amplifiers increase the amplitude of weak signals, used in audio systems, wireless communications, and instrumentation
• Filters remove unwanted frequencies from signals, used in audio equalizers, anti-aliasing filters, and noise reduction circuits
• Oscillators generate periodic signals at a specific frequency, used in clocks, timers, and radio frequency (RF) circuits
• Motor drives control the speed and torque of electric motors, used in industrial automation, robotics, and electric vehicles
• Digital communication systems encode, transmit, and decode information using digital signals, examples include Ethernet, Wi-Fi, and cellular networks
• Embedded systems combine hardware and software to perform specific functions, used in appliances, automobiles, and medical devices

Problem-Solving Strategies

• Understand the problem by identifying the given information, the desired output, and any constraints or assumptions
• Draw a clear and labeled diagram of the circuit or system, using standard symbols and conventions
• Break down complex problems into smaller, manageable sub-problems that can be solved individually
• Apply relevant laws, theorems, and formulas, such as Ohm's law, Kirchhoff's laws, and power equations, to analyze the circuit
• Simplify the circuit using equivalent resistances, voltage/current division, or source transformations when appropriate
• Solve equations systematically, using substitution, elimination, or matrix methods, and check the results for consistency and reasonableness
• Verify the solution by comparing it with expected values, performing a sanity check, or testing it in a simulation or experiment
• Document the solution process, including assumptions, calculations, and conclusions, for future reference and communication with others