🧑🏻‍💼United States Law and Legal Analysis Unit 10 – Legal Ethics & Professional Conduct

Core Ethical Principles

• Competence requires lawyers to possess the legal knowledge, skill, thoroughness, and preparation reasonably necessary for the representation
• Diligence obliges lawyers to act with commitment, dedication, and zeal in advocacy on the client's behalf
• Loyalty demands that lawyers protect their clients' interests, remain free of conflicts, and preserve the client's confidences
• Candor toward the tribunal prohibits lawyers from knowingly making false statements of fact or law to a tribunal or offering evidence the lawyer knows to be false
• Truthfulness in statements to others forbids lawyers from knowingly making false statements of material fact or law to third parties in the course of representing a client
• Respect for the rights of third persons requires lawyers to refrain from using means that have no substantial purpose other than to embarrass, delay, or burden a third person
• Independence requires lawyers to exercise independent professional judgment on behalf of their clients, free from compromising influences and loyalties

Legal Professional Conduct Rules

• Model Rules of Professional Conduct, developed by the American Bar Association (ABA), serve as a national framework for ethical rules governing lawyer conduct
• State bar associations adopt and enforce their own professional conduct rules, often based on the ABA Model Rules with jurisdiction-specific modifications
• Rules cover various aspects of legal practice, including client-lawyer relationship, confidentiality, conflicts of interest, and duties to the legal system and public
• Lawyers must adhere to the professional conduct rules of the jurisdiction(s) in which they are licensed to practice
• Violation of professional conduct rules can lead to disciplinary action by the state bar, ranging from reprimand to disbarment
• Lawyers have an ongoing duty to report their own professional misconduct and that of other lawyers to the appropriate disciplinary authority
• Rules aim to maintain the integrity and competence of the legal profession and protect the public from unethical lawyer behavior

Lawyer-Client Relationship

• Formation of the lawyer-client relationship can be express or implied, and may arise through the lawyer's actions or the client's reasonable expectations
• Scope of representation must be clearly defined and agreed upon between the lawyer and client, typically through a written engagement agreement
• Lawyers owe their clients duties of competence, diligence, loyalty, and communication throughout the representation
• Clients have the ultimate authority to determine the objectives of the representation, while lawyers are responsible for the means by which those objectives are pursued
• Lawyers must keep clients reasonably informed about the status of their matter and promptly comply with reasonable requests for information
• Lawyers must explain matters to the extent reasonably necessary to permit clients to make informed decisions regarding the representation
• Termination of the lawyer-client relationship can occur through completion of the agreed-upon scope of representation, withdrawal by the lawyer, or discharge by the client

Confidentiality and Privilege

• Lawyers have an ethical duty to maintain the confidentiality of information relating to the representation of their clients
  • This duty applies to all information gained in the professional relationship, regardless of its source or whether the client has requested it be kept confidential
  • Confidentiality obligation continues after the lawyer-client relationship has ended
• Attorney-client privilege is a separate but related concept, providing legal protection for confidential communications between lawyers and their clients made for the purpose of seeking or providing legal advice
  • Privilege belongs to the client and can only be waived by the client, not the lawyer
  • Privileged communications are generally protected from disclosure in legal proceedings
• Lawyers may reveal confidential information in limited circumstances, such as to prevent reasonably certain death or substantial bodily harm, to secure legal advice about compliance with ethical rules, or to establish a claim or defense in a controversy with the client
• Lawyers must take reasonable precautions to safeguard client confidences and secrets, including implementing appropriate security measures for electronic communications and data storage

Conflicts of Interest

• Lawyers must avoid representing clients with directly adverse interests or where there is a significant risk that the representation of one client will be materially limited by the lawyer's responsibilities to another client, a former client, a third person, or the lawyer's own interests
• Concurrent conflicts of interest can be waived by the affected clients under certain conditions, including informed consent confirmed in writing
• Lawyers must screen for potential conflicts before accepting new clients and regularly monitor for conflicts throughout the representation
• Successive conflicts of interest involve duties to former clients, prohibiting lawyers from representing clients with interests materially adverse to those of a former client in the same or a substantially related matter
• Imputed conflicts of interest extend the individual lawyer's conflict to all lawyers associated in a firm, with limited exceptions for screening and notice to affected clients
• Lawyers must decline or withdraw from representation when a non-waivable conflict exists or when the lawyer cannot provide competent and diligent representation due to the conflict
• Conflicts of interest rules aim to ensure lawyers provide undivided loyalty to their clients and maintain the public's trust in the legal profession

Ethical Issues in Advocacy

• Lawyers have a duty of candor to the tribunal, prohibiting them from knowingly making false statements of fact or law or offering evidence they know to be false
  • This duty applies in all adjudicative proceedings, including court hearings, depositions, and administrative tribunals
  • Lawyers must take reasonable remedial measures if they later discover the falsity of evidence or statements made to the tribunal
• Lawyers must not unlawfully obstruct another party's access to evidence or assist in the unlawful destruction or concealment of evidence
• In ex parte proceedings (without notice to or participation by opposing parties), lawyers have a heightened duty to disclose all material facts known to the lawyer that will enable the tribunal to make an informed decision
• Lawyers must not allude to matters they do not reasonably believe are relevant or supported by admissible evidence when making statements to the media about pending cases
• Trial publicity rules balance the right to a fair trial with the lawyer's freedom of speech, generally prohibiting lawyers from making public statements that have a substantial likelihood of materially prejudicing an adjudicative proceeding

Responsibilities to the Legal System

• Lawyers, as officers of the court, have a special responsibility to uphold the quality of justice and maintain the integrity of the legal profession
• Lawyers must demonstrate respect for the legal system and those who serve it, including judges, other lawyers, and public officials
• Lawyers have a duty to improve the law, the administration of justice, and access to the legal system through activities such as pro bono service, law reform initiatives, and public education about legal rights and responsibilities
• Lawyers must report known violations of the professional conduct rules by other lawyers or judges to the appropriate disciplinary authority, subject to confidentiality obligations
• Lawyers must avoid conduct that is prejudicial to the administration of justice, such as disrupting a tribunal, knowingly assisting a judge or judicial officer in conduct that violates applicable rules of judicial conduct, or engaging in conduct intended to disrupt the tribunal
• Lawyers have a duty of fairness to opposing parties and their counsel, refraining from engaging in offensive tactics or treating them with hostility
• Lawyers must respect the rights of third persons, avoiding actions that have no substantial purpose other than to embarrass, delay, or burden them

Disciplinary Process and Sanctions

• State bar associations, through their disciplinary agencies, are responsible for investigating and prosecuting complaints of lawyer misconduct
• Disciplinary proceedings are initiated by the filing of a complaint or through the bar's own investigation, followed by a preliminary inquiry to determine whether there is probable cause to proceed
• If probable cause is found, formal charges are filed, and the lawyer is given notice and an opportunity to respond
• Disciplinary hearings are conducted before a panel of lawyers and/or public members appointed by the state bar, with the burden of proof on the disciplinary counsel to establish misconduct by clear and convincing evidence
• Sanctions for lawyer misconduct range from private reprimand to disbarment, depending on the severity of the violation, the lawyer's disciplinary history, and aggravating or mitigating factors
  • Private reprimand is a non-public sanction for minor misconduct
  • Public reprimand is a public sanction for more serious misconduct
  • Suspension involves the temporary loss of the lawyer's license to practice for a specified period (e.g., 30 days, 1 year)
  • Disbarment is the most severe sanction, resulting in the permanent loss of the lawyer's license to practice in that jurisdiction
• Lawyers may appeal disciplinary decisions through the state court system, with the highest court in the jurisdiction having final authority over lawyer discipline
• Reciprocal discipline provisions allow for the imposition of the same or comparable sanction in other jurisdictions where the lawyer is licensed based on the original disciplinary action