Realism

Definition

Realism is a theoretical perspective in international relations that emphasizes the competitive and conflictual nature of international politics. It posits that states act primarily in their own national interests, often prioritizing power and security over moral or ideological considerations. This perspective connects to challenges in global social contract theory by highlighting how states may prioritize their own interests over cooperative agreements, while also critiquing Hobbes's view on human nature and governance.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Realism asserts that the international system is anarchic, which leads states to prioritize their own survival and security.
2. The theory is often divided into classical realism, which focuses on human nature, and neorealism, which emphasizes the structure of the international system.
3. Realists are skeptical of international institutions and agreements, believing they often fail to alter state behavior due to inherent self-interest.
4. Historical events like World War II have reinforced realist beliefs about the dangers of unchecked state power and the inevitability of conflict.
5. Realism has influenced various aspects of foreign policy, advocating for a pragmatic approach to international relations focused on national interest.

Review Questions

• How does realism explain the behavior of states in an anarchic international system?
  • Realism explains that in an anarchic international system, there is no overarching authority to enforce rules or provide security. Therefore, states are driven by self-interest and the need to ensure their own survival. This leads them to prioritize power and security over cooperation or moral considerations, as they cannot rely on others for protection. Consequently, states may engage in competitive behaviors and conflicts to safeguard their interests.
• Discuss how realism challenges the principles of global social contract theory in terms of state behavior and cooperation.
  • Realism challenges global social contract theory by arguing that states are primarily motivated by self-interest rather than a collective moral obligation to cooperate for mutual benefit. While social contract theorists may advocate for international cooperation based on shared values or agreements, realists contend that states will act according to their national interests, often disregarding international norms when they conflict with those interests. This perspective emphasizes the difficulties in achieving genuine global cooperation when states prioritize power dynamics over collective action.
• Evaluate the impact of realist thought on contemporary international relations and its legacy compared to Hobbes's theories on human nature.
  • Realist thought continues to significantly shape contemporary international relations by reinforcing the idea that power struggles are inherent in state interactions. It contrasts with Hobbes's theories by emphasizing the anarchic nature of the international system rather than viewing strong centralized governance as a solution to human conflict. While Hobbes believed that a strong sovereign could mitigate violence through social contracts, realists argue that even well-structured governments may not eliminate competition among states. This ongoing tension between Hobbesian views and realist perspectives informs debates on foreign policy strategies and global governance.

Related terms

Anarchy: The concept in international relations that describes the absence of a central authority, leading to a self-help system where states must ensure their own security.

Power Politics: The practice of political action based on the pursuit and maintenance of power, often at the expense of ethical considerations.

Machiavellianism:

A political theory attributed to Niccolò Machiavelli that suggests that ends justify the means, promoting pragmatic, often unscrupulous behavior in politics.