9.1 Major Branches of Judaism

Orthodox Judaism is a major branch of Judaism that adheres strictly to traditional Jewish law and practice, maintaining the belief that both the Written and Oral Torah are divinely inspired. This form of Judaism emphasizes the importance of following Halakha, or Jewish law, in daily life, and upholds many customs and rituals that date back to ancient times. Its followers often seek to preserve Jewish identity and heritage in a modern world.

Halakha: The collective body of Jewish religious laws derived from the Written and Oral Torah, governing all aspects of Jewish life.

Kashrut: The set of Jewish dietary laws that dictate what foods are permissible for consumption, as well as how they should be prepared and consumed.

Yeshiva: A traditional Jewish educational institution focused on the study of religious texts, particularly the Talmud and Torah.

Modern Orthodox Judaism is a branch of Judaism that seeks to synthesize traditional Jewish law and practice with the modern world. This movement maintains a commitment to Halakha (Jewish law) while also embracing contemporary secular culture, education, and values. It represents a balanced approach where adherents engage with modern society without compromising their religious observance.

Orthodox Judaism: A major branch of Judaism that strictly adheres to traditional Jewish law and customs, emphasizing the importance of following Halakha in daily life.

Halakha: The collective body of Jewish religious laws derived from the Written and Oral Torah, guiding the daily life and practices of observant Jews.

Haredi Judaism: Also known as ultra-Orthodox Judaism, this movement takes a more stringent approach to Jewish law and often rejects modern secular culture.

Halakha refers to the collective body of Jewish law, including biblical laws, rabbinical interpretations, and customs that guide the moral and religious conduct of Jews. It serves as a crucial framework for daily life in Judaism, affecting everything from dietary laws to prayer rituals and ethical behavior. Halakha is central to understanding how different branches of Judaism interpret laws and practices, and it also plays a significant role in the relationship between religion and government.

Kashrut: The set of Jewish dietary laws that determine what foods are permissible and how they must be prepared.

Mitzvah: A commandment or good deed prescribed by Jewish law, which is considered an important aspect of Jewish life and practice.

Shulchan Aruch: A key codification of Jewish law written in the 16th century by Rabbi Joseph Caro, serving as a comprehensive guide to halakha.

The Torah is the central reference of the religious Judaic tradition, consisting of the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, also known as the Pentateuch. It encompasses laws, teachings, and narratives that are foundational to Jewish identity and practice, connecting deeply with Jewish history, beliefs, and rituals throughout time.

Tanakh: The Tanakh is the canonical collection of Jewish texts, which includes the Torah (Law), Nevi'im (Prophets), and Ketuvim (Writings), forming the complete Hebrew Bible.

Talmud: The Talmud is a central text in Rabbinic Judaism, consisting of discussions and interpretations of Jewish law based on the Torah, providing legal and ethical guidance for Jewish life.

Mitzvot: Mitzvot refers to the commandments or good deeds prescribed in the Torah that guide moral and religious conduct within Judaism.

Moses is a central figure in Judaism, revered as a prophet, lawgiver, and leader who played a crucial role in the liberation of the Israelites from Egyptian slavery and their subsequent journey to the Promised Land. His life and teachings are foundational to Jewish identity and practice, influencing key aspects such as history, beliefs, rituals, and sacred texts.

Exodus: The biblical narrative describing the departure of the Israelites from slavery in Egypt, led by Moses, who received divine guidance and performed miracles.

Ten Commandments: A set of moral and ethical laws given to Moses on Mount Sinai, serving as a fundamental code of conduct for the Jewish people.

Covenant: The sacred agreement between God and the Israelites, with Moses acting as the mediator, establishing their relationship and obligations.

Kashrut refers to the set of Jewish dietary laws that dictate what is permissible to eat and how food must be prepared and consumed. These laws are rooted in biblical commandments and have evolved through rabbinic interpretation, emphasizing concepts of purity, sanctity, and obedience to God's will. Kashrut not only affects dietary choices but also plays a significant role in various aspects of Jewish life, including rituals, worship practices, and beliefs.

Kosher: Foods that comply with kashrut laws, deemed fit for consumption by those observing Jewish dietary restrictions.

Trefah: Foods that are not kosher and thus forbidden for Jews to eat under kashrut laws.

Shabbat: The Jewish Sabbath, a day of rest that includes specific rituals and restrictions on work, influencing meal preparation and consumption according to kashrut.

Shabbat, also known as the Sabbath, is the Jewish day of rest and worship that begins at sunset on Friday and ends at nightfall on Saturday. It is a time dedicated to spiritual renewal and family, marking the seventh day of creation when God rested. This observance connects deeply with Jewish identity and practice, playing a crucial role in various branches of Judaism, shaping worship rituals, and embodying core beliefs about rest, holiness, and community.

Kiddush: A blessing recited over wine or grape juice to sanctify the Shabbat meal and mark the beginning of the Sabbath.

Havdalah: A ritual marking the end of Shabbat, involving blessings over wine, spices, and a candle, symbolizing the separation between the sacred and the secular.

Melachot: Prohibited forms of work during Shabbat based on traditional interpretations of labor categories, including activities like writing or cooking.

A synagogue is a Jewish house of worship, where communal prayer, study, and religious gatherings take place. It serves as a central point for Jewish community life and plays an essential role in both the religious and cultural practices of Judaism, facilitating worship and education across various branches of the faith.

Torah: The central reference of the religious Judaic tradition, consisting of the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, often read during synagogue services.

Rabbi: A Jewish scholar or teacher, particularly one who studies or teaches Jewish law and tradition, often leading services in a synagogue.

Kabbalat Shabbat: A Friday evening service in a synagogue that welcomes the Sabbath, often featuring prayers and songs to mark the transition from weekday to holy time.

Satmar is a prominent Hasidic Jewish sect, known for its strict adherence to traditional Jewish laws and customs. Founded in the early 20th century by Rabbi Joel Teitelbaum in the town of Satu Mare, Romania, Satmar has become one of the largest Hasidic groups worldwide, especially prominent in the United States. The sect is notable for its strong emphasis on community cohesion, opposition to Zionism, and commitment to maintaining Jewish traditions.

Hasidism: A mystical Jewish movement that emerged in the 18th century, emphasizing piety, joy in worship, and the presence of God in everyday life.

Zionism: A nationalist movement for the re-establishment of a Jewish homeland in Israel, which Satmar opposes due to their belief that the establishment of a Jewish state should only occur with the coming of the Messiah.

Yiddishkeit: The cultural and social practices associated with Jewish life, particularly among Eastern European Jews, including language, customs, and traditions.

Belz refers to a Hasidic dynasty originating in the town of Belz, located in present-day Ukraine. This dynasty is known for its unique spiritual practices, leadership style, and commitment to Jewish education, which plays a significant role in the broader context of the various branches of Judaism, particularly Hasidism.

Hasidism: A mystical branch of Judaism that emphasizes spirituality, joy in worship, and the importance of a Rebbe or spiritual leader.

Rebbe: A spiritual leader in Hasidic Judaism who provides guidance and interpretation of Jewish teachings, often seen as a mediator between God and the community.

Yeshiva: A Jewish educational institution focused on the study of traditional texts, including the Torah and Talmud, often associated with Hasidic and other Orthodox communities.

Lubavitch refers to a Hasidic movement within Orthodox Judaism that originated in the town of Lubavitch in present-day Belarus. It is best known for its outreach efforts and emphasis on education, particularly through the establishment of Chabad centers around the world, where it promotes Jewish traditions and values. The movement is also recognized for its leadership under the Rebbes, particularly Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, who played a pivotal role in expanding the movement's global influence.

Hasidism: A spiritual revivalist movement within Judaism that emphasizes mysticism, a close-knit community, and the importance of joyful worship.

Chabad: An acronym for 'Chochmah, Binah, Da'at', which refers to a philosophy of intellectual understanding within the Lubavitch movement, also known for its extensive educational programs and community services.

Rebbe: A spiritual leader and guide in Hasidic Judaism, often considered a Tzaddik or righteous person who has a direct connection to God and whose teachings are followed by disciples.

Tikkun olam is a Hebrew phrase that translates to 'repairing the world' and refers to the Jewish concept of taking action to improve society and promote social justice. This principle emphasizes the moral responsibility of individuals to engage in charitable acts and contribute to the welfare of others, connecting deeply with various aspects of Jewish life, including beliefs, rituals, and social activism.

Gemilut Chasadim: Acts of loving-kindness that embody the ethical principle of providing help and support to those in need.

Mitzvah: A commandment or good deed performed in accordance with Jewish law, often related to social justice and community support.

Tzedakah: Charitable giving or social justice in Judaism, emphasizing the obligation to give to those less fortunate.

Rabbi Mordecai Kaplan was a prominent Jewish theologian and educator, best known for founding the Reconstructionist movement in Judaism during the early 20th century. His innovative approach sought to modernize Jewish life by emphasizing the importance of cultural and communal aspects while integrating contemporary values, which has had a lasting influence on various branches of Judaism.

Reconstructionism: A modern Jewish movement that views Judaism as a progressively evolving civilization, focusing on cultural identity and community rather than strict adherence to traditional religious practices.

Judaism: The monotheistic religion of the Jewish people, encompassing a wide range of beliefs, practices, and traditions that have developed over thousands of years.

Jewish Renewal: A contemporary movement aimed at reinvigorating Jewish life and practice through spiritual and communal engagement, often drawing from mystical and alternative practices.

Bobov is a Hasidic Jewish sect that originated in Poland in the late 19th century, founded by Rabbi Shlomo Halberstam. This sect is known for its distinct religious practices, strong community bonds, and emphasis on spiritual devotion, which reflect its roots in the broader Hasidic movement while maintaining unique traditions.

Hasidism: A spiritual revivalist movement within Judaism that emphasizes mysticism, a personal relationship with God, and the importance of joy in religious practice.

Rebbe: The spiritual leader of a Hasidic community, who serves as a guide and authority figure, providing teachings and advice to followers.

Yeshiva: An educational institution for the study of Jewish texts, particularly the Talmud and Torah, often central to Hasidic communities for fostering religious education.

Skver refers to a specific subgroup within Hasidic Judaism, primarily associated with a community that emerged from the city of Skver in Ukraine. This group is known for its strict adherence to traditional Jewish law and customs, maintaining a distinct lifestyle that emphasizes communal living, religious devotion, and a focus on the teachings of their Rebbe, or spiritual leader. Skver has become particularly recognized for its emphasis on family values and education, reflecting the core principles of Hasidism while also contributing to the broader tapestry of Orthodox Jewish practices.

Hasidism: A mystical movement within Orthodox Judaism that emphasizes personal experiences of God, communal worship, and the leadership of a Rebbe.

Rebbe: A spiritual leader in Hasidic Judaism who is seen as a guide and authority in religious and community matters.

Orthodox Judaism: A major branch of Judaism that strictly adheres to traditional Jewish law (Halakhah) and practices.

Yeshiva University is a private Jewish university in New York City that combines rigorous academic study with Jewish education. Founded in 1886, it serves as a center for higher education in Jewish thought and practice, while also offering a wide range of secular programs. The university is notable for its strong emphasis on the integration of religious studies with a modern academic curriculum, catering to various branches of Judaism.

Orthodox Judaism: A major branch of Judaism that adheres to traditional beliefs and practices, including strict observance of Jewish law.

Seminary: An educational institution for training clergy, which often includes advanced study of theology and religious texts.

Talmud: A central text in Rabbinic Judaism consisting of a compilation of teachings, laws, and discussions by ancient rabbis.

The Orthodox Union (OU) is a prominent organization in the Jewish community that oversees and certifies kosher food production, ensuring adherence to Jewish dietary laws. It plays a critical role in supporting and promoting Orthodox Judaism by providing educational resources, advocacy, and community services. The OU serves as a central authority in the Jewish world, helping to unite various Orthodox communities under a common set of standards and practices.

Kosher: Foods that are prepared according to Jewish dietary laws, which dictate what is permissible for consumption.

Rabbinical Council: A body of rabbis that provides guidance and authority on religious matters, including kosher certification.

Orthodox Judaism: A major branch of Judaism that adheres strictly to traditional beliefs and practices, including observance of the Torah and rabbinic law.

The Rabbinical Council of America (RCA) is a national organization representing Orthodox rabbis in the United States, focusing on providing leadership, guidance, and support to the Orthodox Jewish community. It serves as a central body for Orthodox rabbis to engage in discussions regarding religious law, ethics, and communal issues, significantly influencing the practice of Judaism within its member communities.

Orthodox Judaism: A major branch of Judaism that adheres strictly to traditional Jewish law and customs, emphasizing the importance of the Torah and Talmud.

Halakha: The collective body of Jewish law derived from the Torah, rabbinic interpretations, and legal decisions that guide Jewish life and practice.

Heter: A legal ruling or dispensation granted by a rabbi that allows for a deviation from established Jewish law under specific circumstances.